Alterations of Dendritic Cells in Sepsis: Featured Role in Immunoparalysis

Figure 1

The changes of DCs during sepsis. When suffering from sepsis, DCs will be lost resulting from apoptosis, but differentiation from monocytes is accelerated. The surface molecules associated with DCs function are changed. At the same time, DCs have an aberrant cytokine secretion which results in immune tolerance status. The potential mechanism may be associated with apoptosis, PPARs, Wnt signal, and epigenetic regulation. MHCII: major histocompatibility complex class II, Ag: antigen, TCR: T cell receptor, PD-1: programmed cell death-1, PD-L1: programmed cell death ligand 1, BTLA: B and T lymphocyte attenuator, and PPARs: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors.