Elaborating the Role of Natural Products-Induced Autophagy in Cancer Treatment: Achievements and Artifacts in the State of the Art

Table 2

Natural compounds that induce cytoprotective autophagy.

Compound	Plant of origin	Pathways involved	Reference
α-Eleostearic acid	Momordica #x2009;charantia	Akt↓, Erk1/2↑	[74]
Anthricin	Anthriscus #x2009;sylvestris (L.) Hoffm.	Akt/mTOR↓	[75]
Arenobufagin	Toad venom	PI3K/Akt/mTOR↓	[76]
β-Elemene	Zedoary	Atg5↑, Akt/mTOR↓, Erk1/2↓	[77–79]
Bufalin	Toad venom	LC3-II↑, Beclin-1↑, Atg7↑, Atg12↑, AMPK↑, mTOR↓	[80, 81]
Crotoxin	South American rattlesnake	Not applicable (N.A.)	[33]
Cucurbitacin I	Cucumis #x2009;sativus L.	Beclin-1↑,; Beclin-1/Bcl-2 interaction, HIF-1α↓	[82]
Dioscin	Soybean	N.A.	[83]
Englerin A	Phyllanthus #x2009;engleri	Akt↓, Erk↓, AMPK↑	[84]
Gossypol	Cotton seeds	Interaction between Bcl-2 and Beclin-1↓	[85]
Isobavachalcone	Fructus #x2009;psoraleae	N.A.	[86]
Mollugin	Rubia #x2009;cordifolia L.	Erk↑; PI3K/Akt/mTOR↓	[87]
Parthenolide	Feverfew	AMPK↑	[88]
Physalin A	Physalis #x2009;alkekengi L. var. franchetii (Mast.) Makino	Beclin-1↑	[89]
Resveratrol	Japanese knotweed	Erk1/2↑, p38 MAPK↑, Atg5↑, Beclin-1↑, LC3-II↑, Akt/mTOR↓,	[90–92]
Sesbania grandiflora flowers	N.A.	N.A.	[93]
Wogonin	Scutellaria #x2009;baicalensis	mTOR↓, Raf/Erk1/2↓	[94]
Zearalenone	Fusarium #x2009;graminearum	LC3-II, Beclin-1	[95]