Histamine Induces Alzheimer’s Disease-Like Blood Brain Barrier Breach and Local Cellular Responses in Mouse Brain Organotypic Cultures

Figure 1

Histamine causes BBB breakdown in MBO cultures. ((a1)–(a3)) In control MBO sections, IgG (visualized by NovaRED) is mainly confined to the lumen in blood vessel (BV). Arrows indicate BVs. ((b1)–(b3)) In histamine-treated MBO sections, extravasated IgG (visualized by NovaRED) surrounding BVs is indicated by dotted circles. Sections (a1) and (b1) are from the proximal portion of the MBO tissue (0–350 μm from the slice surface); sections (a2) and (b2) are from the middle portion of the MBO tissue (350–700 μm from the slice surface); and sections (a3) and (b3) are from the distal portion of the MBO tissue (700–1050 μm from the slice surface). The sections are counterstained with hematoxylin to show nucleus in purple as described in Section 2. Scale bars, 100 μm. (c) Quantification shows more leaky BVs in the histamine-treated MBO cultures compared to the controls. Leaky BVs are counted from multiple images, normalized by the total numbers of all BVs and plotted. Mean ± SEM is used to represent the variations within each group. ; ; .

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