Is Vitamin D Deficiency Related to Accumulation of Advanced Glycation End Products, Markers of Inflammation, and Oxidative Stress in Diabetic Subjects?
Table 1
Cohort characteristics.
Controls
All DM patients
DM1 patients
DM2 patients
(%)
121
276
43 (16%)
233 (84%)
Males/females (; %)
60/61 (50%/50%)
160/116 (58%/42%)
0.12chi
23/20 (53%/47%)
137/96 (59%/41%)
0.52chi
Age (years)
58.6 ± 15.1
65.0 ± 13.4
<0.001
48.6 ± 1.8
68.0 ± 9.6
<0.001
DM duration (yrs)
—
15.1 ± 10.7
—
19.5 ± 13.2
15.0 ± 10.1
0.10
BMI (kg/m2)
27.2 ± 3.3
30.5 ± 6.1
<0.001
25.4 ± 3.7
31.4 ± 6.0
<0.001
Total protein (g/L)
72 ± 7
72 ± 7
0.71
71 ± 5
72 ± 7
0.24
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2)
84 ± 16
71 ± 25
<0.001
83 ± 26
69 ± 24
<0.001
HbA1c (%)
5.5 ± 0.3
7.1 ± 1.1
<0.001
7.1 ± 1.1
7.1 ± 1.1
0.98
Fl-AGEs (AU)
281 ± 67
341 ± 112
<0.001
289 ± 104
350 ± 111
<0.001
SAF (AU)
2.3 ± 0.5
2.8 ± 0.7
<0.001
2.5 ± 0.7
2.9 ± 0.7
<0.001
CML (ng/mL)
1045 ± 368
1023 ± 393
0.71
1125 ± 940
1008 ± 385
0.12
sRAGE (pg/mL)
989 ± 376
936 ± 497
0.23
1133 ± 638
922 ± 474
0.30
sVAP-1 (ng/mL)
409 ± 166
462 ± 172
0.049
415 ± 138
469 ± 176
0.16
hsCRP (mg/L)
2.0 ± 2.0
2.7 ± 2.4
0.001
1.9 ± 1.9
2.9 ± 2.4
0.004
Grip strength (pounds)
84 ± 31
75 ± 25
0.026
85 ± 32
74 ± 23
0.09
Hypertension (N/Y; %)
88/33 (73%/27%)
96/167 (37%/63%)
<0.001chi
23/13 (53%/47%)
73/154 (32%/68%)
<0.001chi
PAD (N/Y; %)
119/2 (98%/2%)
220/44 (83%/17%)
<0.001chi
34/2 (94%/6%)
186/42 (82%/18%)
0.054chi
CHD (N/Y; %)
117/4 (97%/3%)
213/51 (81%/19%)
<0.001chi
33/3 (92%/8%)
180/48 (79%/21%)
0.07chi
Total comorbidities (N/Y; %)
87/34 (72%/28%)
74/190 (28%/72%)
<0.001chi
22/114 (61%/39%)
52/176 (23%/77%)
<0.001chi
DM1: type 1 diabetes mellitus; DM2: type 2 diabetes mellitus; BMI: body mass index; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; HbA1c: haemoglobin A1c; AGE-Fl: advanced glycation end products associated fluorescence of plasma; CML: Nε-carboxymethyllysine; SAF: skin autofluorescence; sVAP-1: soluble vascular receptor adhesion protein-1; sRAGE: soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products; hsCRP: high sensitive C-reactive protein; Y: yes; N: no; PAD: peripheral artery disease; CHD: coronary heart disease; chi: chi-square; data missing from 12 subjects.
