Nanoscale Bonding between Human Bone and Titanium Surfaces: Osseohybridization

Figure 4

STEM high-angle annular dark-field (HAADF) images of the bone-implant interface at (a) low and (b) high magnification. The nanostructured modified surface oxide layer forms intimate contact between the bone and implant surface. At higher magnification, the bone is seen to be in direct contact with the oxide layer.

(a)

(b)