Mindfulness Meditation Improves Mood, Quality of Life, and Attention in Adults with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Table 3
Mean (standard deviation) scores on the Attentional Network Task (ANT) and the Conners Continuous Performance Test (CPT II) per group (control and patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) submitted to mindful awareness practices (MAP) or to no intervention) at baseline and after the intervention period (endpoint) and significant effects.
Measure
Meditation
No intervention
Meditation
No intervention
Control
Control
ADHD
ADHD
Significant
( = 8)
( = 9)
( = 21)
( = 22)
effects
Baseline
Endpoint
Baseline
Endpoint
Baseline
Endpoint
Baseline
Endpoint
ANT
Alerting
33.6 (22.2)
43.8 (28.8)
33.4 (21.4)
35.8 (27.0)
32.0 (29.0)
39.3 (19.7)
37.4 (28.8)
46.0 (27.1)
Orientation
29.3 (11.6)
30.1 (13.8)
16.8 (14.4)
26.4 (22.7)
29.8 (30.5)
32.1 (21.2)
32.2 (41.0)
26.6 (23.8)
Executive control/conflict
114.8 (38.9)
88.1 (38.0)
198.2 (68.2)
114.3 (55.2)
184.6 (98.5)
140.1 (77.2)
150.7 (64.9)
107.5 (69.9)
S
Hit RT (ms)
535.1 (75.5)
488.8 (46.8)
612.2 (114.6)
597.1 (142.1)
577.4 (123.0)
537.4 (90.2)
546.4 (101.8)
511.9 (89.8)
S
Accuracy (number)
274.9 (9.6)
284.0 (4.3)
274.8 (8.1)
278.1 (9.0)
272.0 (11.4)
278.5 (9.3)
273.4 (9.9)
277.0 (9.1)
S
Omissions (number)
5.4 (3.3)
3.0 (3.0)
5.3 (3.4)
3.8 (3.1)
7.2 (4.5)
4.4 (3.5)
7.0 (3.4)
4.6 (3.3)
S
Hit RT SE
16.1 (6.2)
13.2 (7.7)
18.6 (4.9)
15.9 (17.3)
16.4 (14.0)
11.3 (7.4)
20.2 (11.3)
11.9 (6.6)
S
Variability of SE
1.3 (1.0)
1.4 (1.6)
1.9 (1.1)
2.1 (1.5)
2.1 (1.6)
1.6 (1.6)
2.3 (1.8)
1.6 (1.1)
Hit RT block change
−17.8 (17.4)
−26.1 (13.4)
−18.5 (25.1)
−10.1 (31.1)
−5.5 (22.9)
−19.7 (16.0)
−12.4 (22.0)
−1.9 (15.6)
S × I
Hit SE block change
−0.18 (0.66)
−1.18 (1.50)
−1.01 (1.74)
−0.99 (2.12)
−0.18 (2.36)
−1.29 (1.54)
0.08 (1.60)
−0.93 (2.18)
S
CPT II
Omission errors (number)
1.4 (2.0)
0.0 (0.0)
1.7 (2.7)
1.1 (1.3)
2.4 (4.3)
2.1 (3.2)
3.8 (7.6)
2.8 (5.7)
Commission errors (number)
9.1 (4.0)
4.5 (3.6)
7.2 (4.4)
7.7 (4.4)
15.1 (7.8)
10.6 (8.4)
12.5 (9.8)
12.9 (9.7)
H; S × I
Hit RT (ms)
385.8 (76.0)
407.0 (55.0)
408.5 (68.5)
396.9 (64.3)
386.3 (75.0)
397.1 (69.3)
376.9 (115.6)
378.2 (67.8)
Variability of SE
5.9 (1.5)
5.1 (2.3)
7.6 (1.9)
7.8 (4.7)
7.9 (3.6)
8.4 (8.4)
9.7 (8.8)
9.8 (12.5)
Hit RT SE
5.2 (1.6)
5.0 (1.6)
5.5 (1.4)
5.4 (2.0)
6.0 (2.2)
5.8 (3.0)
6.5 (2.6)
6.2 (3.7)
Detectability ()
0.9 (1.3)
1.3 ( 0.4)
1.1 (0.4)
1.0 (0.3)
0.7 (0.4)
0.9 (0.5)
0.9 (0.7)
0.8 (0.6)
H; S × I
Hit RT block change
−0.014 (0.035)
−0.013 (0.028)
−0.003 (0.021)
−0.003 (0.017)
0.001 (0.034)
−0.004 (0.025)
−0.011 (0.030)
−0.003 (0.027)
Hit SE block change
−0.030 (0.059)
0.033 (0.058)
0.021 (0.065)
0.004 (0.081)
0.001 (0.063)
0.016 (0.060)
0.002 (0.103)
0.001 (0.066)
Hit RT ISI change
0.058 (0.014)
0.061 (0.011)
0.046 (0.039)
0.052 (0.040)
0.046 (0.043)
0.050 (0.043)
0.066 (0.030)
0.058 (0.035)
Hit SE ISI change
−0.015 (0.120)
0.019 (0.077)
−0.019 (0.100)
−0.006 (0.112)
−0.030 (0.099)
−0.017 (0.133)
0.002 (0.104)
0.027 (0.117)
Response style ()
0.6 (0.8)
0.7 (0.6)
0.9 (0.8)
1.7 (1.5)
1.1 (2.4)
0.7 (0.6)
1.0 (1.1)
0.5 (0.4)
Perseverations
0.0 (0.0)
0.0 (0.0)
0.4 (0.7)
0.4 (0.7)
0.7 (1.5)
2.4 (5.9)
1.8 (3.6)
1.7 (3.4)
Hit: correct responses; RT: reaction time; SE: standard error of the mean; ISI: interstimulus interval; H: effect of health status (ADHD versus controls); S: effect of session (baseline versus endpoint) or practice effect; I: effect of intervention (MAP versus no intervention); ×: interaction of factors ( values < 0.05). See text for details on the statistical analysis.