Research Article
Clinical, Psychopathological, and Personality Characteristics Associated with ADHD among Individuals Seeking Treatment for Gambling Disorder
Table 2
Comparison of patients based on high versus low ADHD score.
| | | Total sample
() | ADHD-low
() | ADHD-high
() | | Cohen’s |
| | Gender; % | | | | | | | Males | 89.5% | 90.8% | 85.4% | .158 | 0.17 | | Females | 10.5% | 9.2% | 14.6% | | |
| | Education level; % | | | | | | | Secondary or university | 41.3% | 41.4% | 41.0% | .947 | 0.01 | | Primary or less | 58.6% | 58.6% | 59.0% | | |
| | Marital status; % | | | | | | | Married | 49.8% | 52.3% | 41.8% | .102 | 0.21 | | Single-divorced-widowed | 50.2% | 47.7% | 58.2% | | |
| | Employment status (employed); % | 57.2% | 60.1% | 47.5% | .046 | 0.25 |
| | Other comorbid disorders at present; % | 25.4% | 20.0% | 45.5% | <.001 | 0.56 | | Other comorbid disorders in past; % | 39.8% | 34.3% | 60.4% | .001 | 0.54 | | Psychiatric disorders in family; % | 58.6% | 54.8% | 73.1% | .017 | 0.39 |
| | Smokers; % | 66.3% | 66.7% | 64.7% | .792 | 0.04 | | Alcohol abuse; % | 7.6% | 5.5% | 15.4% | .017 | 0.33 | | Abuse of other substances; % | 6.7% | 4.5% | 15.1% | .006 | 0.36 | | Other addictions | 9.9% | 9.5% | 11.3% | .693 | 0.06 |
| | Main problem (reason for consultation): gambling; % | 86.7% | 87.1% | 85.4% | .679 | 0.05 | | Types of gambling: | | | | | | | Machines; % | 84.4% | 84.3% | 84.5% | .975 | 0.00 | | Bingo; % | 9.7% | 10.3% | 7.3% | .495 | 0.11 | | Lotteries; % | 11.6% | 12.3% | 9.1% | .508 | 0.10 | | Casino; % | 8.9% | 9.4% | 7.3% | .630 | 0.08 | | Playing cards; % | 5.4% | 5.9% | 3.6% | .509 | 0.11 | | Bets; % | 2.7% | 2.5% | 3.6% | .635 | 0.07 | | Internet; % | 5.8% | 4.9% | 9.1% | .242 | 0.16 | | Others; % | 1.9% | 1.5% | 3.6% | .306 | 0.14 | | Total number of gambling types; mean (SD) | 1.33 (0.66) | 1.33 (0.67) | 1.26 (0.64) | .482 | 0.11 |
| | Age (years); mean (SD) | 42.2 (13.13) | 43.28 (13.08) | 38.62 (12.76) | .005 | 0.36 | | Age at onset of gambling (years); mean (SD) | 35.9 (13.93) | 36.59 (13.97) | 33.32 (13.61) | .152 | 0.24 | | Time since onset of gambling (years); mean (SD) | 5.43 (6.77) | 5.38 (6.75) | 5.62 (6.94) | .834 | 0.03 |
| | Maximum money spent/episode (euro); mean (SD) | 1205 (2747) | 1154 (2687) | 1402 (2989) | .582 | 0.09 |
| | Average money spent/episode (euro); mean (SD) | 118 (256) | 120 (242) | 111 (304) | .844 | 0.03 | | Total accumulated debts (euro); mean (SD) | 7908 (19986) | 7566 (18951) | 9351 (24076) | .604 | 0.08 |
| | Own income/month (euro); mean (SD) | 1175 (690) | 1203 (649) | 1080 (808) | .188 | 0.17 | | Family income/month (euro); mean (SD) | 2071 (1069) | 2114 (982) | 1923 (1328) | .266 | 0.16 |
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SD: standard deviation. Bold: significant comparison (.05 level). Bold: moderate () to high () effect size.
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