Predictors of Mortality and Prehospital Monitoring Limitations in Blunt Trauma Patients

Table 1

Patients’ characteristics.

Variables	Survivors ( = 40)	Nonsurvivors ( = 30)	value
Age (years)	29 (22–51)	50 (36–72)	0.006^1
Male sex, (%)	33 (83%)	21 (70%)	0.258^2
petCO2 (mmHg)	38 (34–44)	38 (33–45)	0.926^1
HR (min^−1)	100 (92–110)	100 (90–106)	0.575^1
MAP (mmHg)	90 (78–100)	86 (73–103)	0.821^1
RR (min^−1)	12 (10–20)	12 (9–16)	0.208^1
SaO2 (%)	89 (79–93)	86 (80–95)	0.770^1
Initial GCS	6 (5–11)	4 (3–7)	<0.001^1
RTS	6.0 (4.7–6.9)	4.4 (4.1–5.7)	0.001^1
ISS	24 (17–29)	36 (29–42)	<0.001^1
Number of patients with head AIS ≥3	28 (70%)	20 (67%)	0.779^2
Lactate (mmol/L)	2.6 (2.0–3.5)	5.3 (3.7–7.8)	<0.001^1
BD (mmol/L)	−4.3 (−7.2–−1.7)	−7.1 (−18.1–−3.3)	0.006^1
pCO2 (kPa)	5.4 (5.1–6.1)	6.1 (5.1–7.7)	0.026^1
pO2 (kPa)	22.3 (14.3–36.1)	16.9 (9.4–34.2)	0.068^1
Alcohol (g/L)	0.6 (0.0–2.1)	0.0 (0.0–0.7)	0.152^1
Intervention duration (min)	47 (39–53)	49 (41–58)	0.776^1
Drugs and fluids
Etomidate (mg)	20 (20-20)	20 (20-20)	0.578^1
Midazolam (mg)	5.0 (5.0–7.1)	5.0 (5.0-5.0)	0.241^1
Fentanyl (g)	0.100 (0.100–0.163)	0.100 (0.100–0.138)	0.851^1
Succinylcholine (mg)	100 (80–100)	100 (100-100)	0.081^1
Vecuronium (mg)	8 (4–8)	4 (4–8)	0.016^1
Piritramide (mg)	15.0 (12.5–15.0)	15.0 (11.3–15.0)	1.000^1
6% HES (mL)	500 (500–1000)	500 (500–1000)	0.593^1
0.9% NaCl	500 (500–1000)	500 (500–1000)	0.484^1

Values are presented as median (IQR). IQR: interquartile range; petCO₂: partial pressure of end tidal carbon dioxide; HR: heart rate; MAP: mean arterial pressure; RR: respiratory rate; SaO₂: arterial oxygen saturation; GCS: Glasgow Coma Scale; RTS: Revised Trauma Score; ISS: Injury Severity Score; AIS: Abbreviated Injury Scale; BD: base deficit; pCO₂: partial pressure of carbon dioxide; pO₂: partial pressure of oxygen; HES: hydroxyethyl starch; NaCl: saline.
¹Mann-Whitney test, ²Fisher exact test.