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Hydrogels | Growth factors | Systems | Targets | Incorporation | Release profile | References |
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Alginate | VEGF, PDGF-BB, TGF-β1 | | MSCs | Affinity interaction | Sequential release | [19] |
TGF-β3, BMP-2 | Peptide-modified alginate | MSCs | | Dual release | [18] |
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Fibrin | IGF-I | Clot | Chondrocytes/cartilage defect (horse) | Encapsulation | n.a. | [25, 27] |
TGF-β1 | Fresh and platelet-rich plasma fibrin | MSCs | Immobilization with heparin | n.a. | [28] |
TGF-β1 | | MSCs | Encapsulation | Decreased release with higher fibrinogen component | [26] |
TGF-β1 | | n.a. | Conjugation | Sustained release | [30] |
|
Hyaluronan | TGF-β1 | HA hydrogel with alginate microspheres | MSCs | Loading in microspheres | Reduced burst effect and sustained release for 6 days | [24] |
BMP-2 | Heparin-decorated HA hydrogel particles | MSCs | Immobilization with heparin | Zero-order release kinetics | [23] |
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Chitosan | TGF-β1 | Chitosan/collagen | MSCs | Conjugation | Sustained release with minimal burst effect | [60] |
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PEG | IGF-I, BMP-2 | OPF | Osteochondral defect (rabbit) | Loading in gelatin microparticles | n.a. | [42] |
IGF-I, TGF-β1 | | | | High TGF-β1 and low IGF-I burst release followed by controlled release for 28 days | [40] |
TGF-β1 | OPF | Bovine chondrocytes | Loading in gelatin microparticles | Controlled release for 28 days | [39] |
TGF-β1 | PEG-genipin hydrogel with PLGA microspheres | | Loading in PLGA microspheres | Sustained release for 21 days and minor burst with microspheres embedded in hydrogels | [33] |
IGF-I, TGF-β1 | Photopolymerized hydrogel | Chondrocytes | Loading in PLGA microspheres | Controlled release for 2 weeks | [38] |
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Self-assembling peptides | TGF-β1 | KLD12 | MSCs | Tether or adsorption | 50% released after 21 days | [35] |
TGF-β1 | (RADA)4, (KLDL)3 | MSCs | Tether or adsorption | Effective release by absorption | [36] |
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pNIPAAm | TGF-β3 | pNIPAAm-coAAc | MSCs | Entrapment | Initial burst and zero-order release profile after 7 days | [43] |
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PVA | IGF-I | PLGA microparticles in PVA hydrogels | s.c. implantation (athymic mouse) | | Controlled release for 6 weeks | [34] |
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