Environmental Characteristics of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Marine System, with Emphasis on Marine Organisms and Sediments

Table 1

Summary of worldwide marine sediment PBDE levels (sum of 8 selected PBDE congeners: BDE-28, BDE-47, BDE-99, BDE-100, BDE-153, BDE-154, BDE-183, and BDE-209).

Region	Sample site	PBDEs ng/g	Data description	Reference
Asian
China	Nine sediment samples were collected around the coast of Macao, which was known asdepositional zone, 2002.9	26.85	The median of the 9 data sets, the missing values are treated and replaced with 0	[41]
	14 offshore sediment samples were collected in the northern SCS, 2002.7	0.93	The median of the 14 data sets, the missing values are treated and replaced with 0	[41]
	26 marine samples were collected from Laizhou Bay area, North China, 2009. 9-10	4.83	Given median BDE-209 plus given median PBDE	[42]
	Six sediment samples were collected from offshore sediment sample near Daliao River in spring (May) 2007	0.20	take sp7, sp8, and sp10–sp13 to represent the open sea sample, the median of the 6 data sets	[43]
	Six sediment samples were collected from offshore sediment sample near Daliao River in summer (August) 2007	0.43	take su7, su9-su10, and su12–su14 to represent the open sea sample, the median of 6 data sets	[43]
	Five sediment samples were collected from Daliao River open sea in autumn (November) 2007	0.34	Take au7, au10–au12, and au14 to represent the open sea sample, the median of 5 data sets	[43]
	16 surface sediments were sampled from Bo Sea in August 2006	2.96	Sum of the published median value of each congener	[44]
	24 sediment cores (from depths of approximately 30 cm below the seawater) were collected at monitoring stations in the East China Sea during October and November, 2013	0.46	Sum of the published median value of each congener. The missing values are treated and replaced with 0	[2]
	Samples of surface sediments (up to approximately 10 cm depth) were removed close to the shoreline from 13 locations in Hong Kong coastal area	7.56	Mean value of the 26 data sets (each sample site has duplication in the published data)	[56]
Korea	Surface sediments (at a depth of 0–4 cm) were sampled at the industrialized bays Ulsan Bay; sediment samples were collected systematically from the inner (including rivers or streams) to outer parts of the bay from February 2003 to March 2004	31.17	Sum of published median value of each congener	[91]
	Surface sediments (at a depth of 0–4 cm) were sampled at the industrialized bays, Busan Bay, from February 2003 to March 2004	59.76		[91]
	Surface sediment (at a depth of 0–4 cm) was sampled at the industrialized bays, Jinhae Bay, from February 2003 to March 2004	9.53		[91]
	Surface sediments were sampled from Busan Bay in the coastal waters of Korea in 2005	77.50	Median of the 4 data, PBDEs is not available; take the published PBDEs as substitution	[45]
	Surface sediments were sampled from 8 industrial complex bays (Yeongil Bay, Ulsan Bay, Onsan Bay, Masan Bay, Haengnam Bay, Gwangyang Bay, Asan Bay, and Kyeongi Bay) in the coastal waters of Korea in 2005	12	Median of 10 data sets, each bay has one sample, except Ulsan and Onsan which have two, PBDEs is not available, and take the published PBDEs as substitution	[45]
	Surface sediments were sampled from 8 less industrial activity or shellfish farming or farming areas (Uljin, Ganggu, Kaduk Island, Wonmunnpo, Kohyonsong Bay, Gamak Bay, Sacheon Bay, Suncheon Bay, and Garorim Bay) in the coastal waters of Korea in 2005	1.30	Median of 9 data sets, each bay has one sample, PBDEs is not available, and take the published PBDEs as substitution	[45]
	Surface sediments were sampled at 25 locations from the Korean coast from February to June 2004	4.39	Sum of the median of each congener	[55]
India	10 surface sediments were collected from the open Indian Ocean at depths below 4000 m in 2011	0.15	The median of the 10 data sets	[92]
Japan	Three sediment core samples were taken from the northern part of Tokyo bay; surface sediments were taken to calculate the median value	46	The PBDEs is not available; take the median of the BDE-209 of 3 surface sediments as substitution	[33]
	Six surface sediment samples were taken from the southern part of Tokyo bay	2.1	The PBDEs is not available; take the median of the BDE-209 of 6 surface sediments as substitution	[33]
Tropical Asian region	Sediment core samples from Philippines, in Southeast Asia, were collected in December 2009; surface sediment were taken to calculate	2.36	Congener concentration below detected limit replaced it with 0	[78]
	Sediment core samples from the upper Gulf of Thailand were taken in June 2004; surface sediments were taken to calculate	1.24		[78]
Europe
Spain	Sediment samples were collected from several hot spots on the Spanish coast, such as the harbors of Almeria and Tarragona and mouths of Besós and Llobregat rivers in Barcelona	4.55	The median of the 12 data sets (B1 has been excluded, for being collected from River Llobregat mouth), if fewer than 50% (half of the detected level), the missing values are treated with the CR ratio; if not, replaced with 0	[93]
Denmark	Surface sediments were collected at 10 different locations in Danish marine territory, BDE-209 has been measured in 6 of the 10 samples; here we calculated the 6 ones	2.42	Median of the published data sets, missing values are treated with the CR ratio	[94]
Holland	Sampling sites were chosen so that different parts of the Dutch sector of the North Sea continental shelf were covered, in spring of 2000	8.68	Median of the 8 published data sets (samples 1 and 3 have been excluded, for being collected from Scheldt estuary outflow and Rhine-Meuse estuary and Rotterdam harbor); missing values are treated by the CR ratio	[95]
Belgium	Six location in Belgian North Sea (S1–S6) were sampled	2.16	Median of samples S1–S6, missing number treated as half of the detected limit	[96]
Norway	Five surface sediments were collected from Tromsøflaket, in the Barents Sea, in 2006	0.07	Median of 5 data sets (Rx), missing number treated as half of the detected limit	[97]
Italy	Sediment at 4 areas in Pialassa Baiona coastal lagoon, spatial distribution of contaminants is affected by the location of anthropogenic inputs	4.7	Target BDE congeners: BDE-3, BDE-7, BDE-15, BDE-17, BDE-28, BDE-47, BDE-49, BDE-66, BDE-71, BDE-85, BDE-99, BDE-100, BDE-119, BDE-139, BDE-153, BDE-154, BDE-183, BDE-196, BDE-197, BDE-201, BDE-203, BDE-204, BDE-206, BDE-207, and BDE-208; PBDEs is 0.58 μg/kg; we take the BDE-209 (4.7 μg/kg) as substitution	[47]
North America
Canada	Twenty-two deep-water sediment samples were collected from the Strait of Georgia between 2003 and 2007	0.64	Median of the 22 data sets, BDE-28, BDE-153, BDE-154, and BDE-183 are not available; we take the as substitution	[40]
	Sediment samples (at a depth of 6 cm) were collected at Bazan Bay in the Strait of Georgia between 2003 and 2007	0.63	The published median value	[40]
	Sediment samples (at a depth of 4 cm) were collected at Blubber Bay in the Strait of Georgia between 2003 and 2007	0.08		[40]
	Sediment samples (at a depth of 4 cm) were collected at Burrard Inlet in the Strait of Georgia between 2003 and 2007	11.02		[40]
	Sediment samples (at a depth of 3 cm) were collected at Cowichan Bay in the Strait of Georgia between 2003 and 2007	0.33		[40]
	Sediment samples (at a depth of 13 cm) were collected at Descanso Bay in the Strait of Georgia between 2003 and 2007	0.32		[40]
	Sediment samples (at a depth of 29 cm) were collected at Deep Cove in the Strait of Georgia between 2003 and 2007	0.37		[40]
	Sediment samples (at a depth of 5 cm) were collected at Scuttle Bay in the Strait of Georgia between 2003 and 2007	0.18		[40]
	17 surface sediment (top 2 cm) were sampled off the coast of Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada, in the vicinity of the Capital Regional District’s Clover Point municipal wastewater outfall, 2006	0.75	Median of the 17 data sets	[48]
US	Surface sediments (top 5 cm) were collected from the Suisun Bay in 2007	3.87	The published median value, for BDE-183 is not available, replace it with 0	[76]
	Surface sediments (top 5 cm) were collected from the San Pablo Bay in 2007	2.46	The published median value, for BDE-183 is not available, replace it with 0	[76]
	Three surface sediments (top 5 cm) were collected from the Central Bay in 2007	3.24	Median of the 3 data sets, for BDE-183 is not available, replace it with 0	[76]
	Two surface sediments (top 5 cm) were collected from the South Bay in 2007	3.15	Median of the 2 data sets, for BDE-183 is not available, replace it with 0	[76]
	Three surface sediments (top 5 cm) were collected from the Lower South Bay in 2007	5.14	Median of the 3 data sets, for BDE-183 is not available, replace it with 0	[76]
Others
Australia	East of Newcastle described as industry/urban area	0	All the PBDEs congeners are under detective limit, except BDE-28 which the data did not show in paper	[49]
Chile	Three samples wear collected in Concepción Bay, Chile, in December 2009	1.98	Median of the 4 data sets, since the median or mean value is not given in the present article, the max concentrations of each congener are taken to calculate the sum of available PBDE congeners (BDE-47, BDE-99, BDE-100, BDE-154, BDE-183, and BDE-209)	[98]
	Four samples wear collected in San Vicente Bay, Chile, in December 2009	2.11		[98]
	Four samples wear collected in Coronel Bay, Chile, in December 2009	2.42		[98]
Colombia	Four samples were collected in West Coastal Line of Colombia in April 2010	0	Median of the 4 data sets, since the median or mean value is not given in the present article, the max concentrations of each congener are taken to calculate the sum of available PBDE congeners (BDE-47, BDE-99, BDE-100, BDE-154, BDE-183, and BDE-209)	[98]