Sacro-Iliac Joint Sensory Block and Radiofrequency Ablation: Assessment of Bony Landmarks Relevant for Image-Guided Procedures

Table 1

Studies quantifying posterior sacral foramina and interforaminal distance.

(a) Cadaveric/imaging studies

Authors		Specimens	Method	⁢Posterior sacral foramen		Interforaminal distance (mm)
				Height (mm)	Width (mm)
McGrath and Stringer 2011 [3]	27	Dry sacra	Photo scale bar	X	S2:	S1-S2: ⁢; S2-S3:
Arman et al. 2009 [4]	100	Dry sacra	Vernier caliper	S1: ⁢; S2:	S1: ⁢; S2:	S1-S2:
Ebraheim et al. 1998 [5]	21	X-Ray dry sacra	Ruler on X-ray	S1: ⁢; S2: ⁢; S3:	X	S1-S2: S2-S3:
Ebraheim et al. 1997 [6]	20	Cadaveric pelvis	Caliper	X	X	S1-S2:

(b) Sex comparison studies

Authors	Posterior sacral foramen				Interforaminal distance (mm)
	Height (mm)		Width (mm)
	Male	Female	Male	Female	Male	Female
McGrath and Stringer 2011 [3]	X	X	S2:	S2:	S1-S2: ⁢; S2-S3:	S1-S2: ⁢; S2-S3:
	Male	Female	Male	Female	Male	Female
Ebraheim et al. 1998 [5]	S1: ⁢; S2: ⁢; S3:	S1: ⁢; S2: ⁢; S3:	X	X	S1-S2: ⁢; S2-S3:	S1-S2: ⁢; S2-S3:

Significant () difference between males and females: height of S1, S2, and S3 posterior sacral foramina; interforaminal distance S2-S3. X, not measured.