Late Presentation of HIV Infection: Prevalence, Trends, and the Role of HIV Testing Strategies in Guangzhou, China, 2008–2013
Table 1
Characteristics and proportion of late presentation of HIV infection among newly diagnosed positives by three types of HIV testing strategies between 2008 and 2013 in Guangzhou, China.
Variable
Total ()
VCT ()
PITC ()
MHT ()
(%)
Year
2008
313 (11.8)
156 (12.2)
101 (12.1)
56 (10.3)
<0.001
2009
244 (9.2)
79 (6.2)
75 (9.0)
90 (16.5)
2010
381 (14.4)
95 (7.5)
194 (23.3)
92 (16.8)
2011
474 (17.8)
206 (16.1)
160 (19.2)
108 (19.8)
2012
689 (26.0)
382 (30.0)
179 (21.5)
128 (23.4)
2013
552 (20.8)
357 (28.0)
123 (14.9)
72 (13.2)
Age (years)
<20
75 (2.8)
41 (3.2)
28 (3.4)
6 (1.1)
<0.001
20~
860 (32.4)
535 (42.0)
175 (21.0)
150 (27.5)
30~
981 (37.0)
438 (34.4)
279 (33.5)
264 (48.4)
40~
490 (18.5)
180 (14.1)
207 (24.9)
103 (18.9)
≥50
247 (9.3)
81 (6.4)
143 (17.2)
23 (4.2)
Sex
Male
2264 (85.3)
1131 (88.7)
612 (73.6)
521 (95.4)
<0.001
Female
389 (14.7)
144 (11.3)
220 (26.4)
25 (4.6)
Marital status
Single
1355 (51.1)
750 (58.8)
228 (27.4)
377 (69.0)
<0.001
Married
1015 (38.4)
396 (31.1)
501 (60.2)
118 (21.6)
Divorced or widowed
244 (9.2)
117 (9.2)
91 (10.9)
36 (6.6)
Unknown
39 (1.5)
12 (0.9)
12 (1.4)
15 (2.7)
Educational attainment
Primary school/lower
526 (19.8)
113 (8.9)
165 (19.8)
248 (45.4)
<0.001
Secondary school
1534 (57.8)
677 (53.1)
562 (67.5)
295 (54.0)
College/above
593 (22.4)
485 (38.0)
105 (12.6)
3 (0.5)
Route of HIV infection
Male-to-male sexual contact
917 (34.6)
837 (65.6)
77 (9.3)
3 (0.5)
<0.001
Injecting drug use
654 (24.7)
85 (6.7)
99 (11.9)
470 (86.1)
Heterosexual contact
967 (36.4)
326 (25.6)
581 (69.8)
60 (11.0)
Others
115 (4.3)
27 (2.1)
75 (9.0)
13 (2.4)
Place of living
Urban
1384 (52.2)
827 (64.9)
316 (38.0)
241 (44.1)
<0.001
Rural
480 (18.1)
205 (17.1)
133 (4.4)
133 (24.2)
Outside of Guangzhou
789 (29.7)
374 (45.0)
172 (31.5)
172 (31.5)
Late presentation
Yes
1412 (53.2)
659 (51.7)
590 (70.9)
206 (37.7)
<0.001
No
1241 (46.8)
616 (48.3)
242 (29.1)
340 (62.3)
Presentation with advanced HIV disease
Yes
724 (27.3)
254 (19.9)
416 (50.0)
54 (9.9)
<0.001
No
1929 (72.7)
1021 (80.1)
416 (50.0)
492 (90.1)
VCT: HIV voluntary counseling and testing; PITC: provider-initiated testing and counseling; MHT: mandatory HIV testing.
