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Techniques | Region of interest | Advantages | Disadvantages |
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Vascular endothelial function | Vascular endothelium | | |
Coronary angiography [7] | Coronary artery | Gold standard | Invasive, difficult, time consuming with high cost |
FMD [17, 18, 20, 21] | Conduit brachial artery | Noninvasive, simple, most used | Technical requirements, Multiple influencing factors |
PAT-RHI [18, 20, 21] | Finger microvasculature | Automatic detection, simple operation | More data on predictive value |
Arterial stiffness | | | |
PWV [22, 23] | Large artery function | Gold standard | Dependent on blood pressure |
CAVI [29, 30] | Large artery function and structure | Independent of blood pressure | Influenced by lower ABI value, more data on predictive value |
CAP [39–43] | Cardiac catheterization | Directly | Invasive |
Systolic radial or carotid artery waveforms | Noninvasive, easy conduction | Need more investigation |
AI [41, 47, 50, 51] | Systolic radial or carotid artery waveforms analysis | Noninvasive, automatically detected | Lack of reference value, need more investigation |
C1/C2 [53–55] | Diastolic radial artery waveform analysis | Noninvasive, automatically detected | Lack of reference value, need more investigation |
ABI [59, 60, 65] | Peripheral limb artery | Gold standard of PAD, predictor of CVD, easy operation, good repeatability | Not suitable for people with severe arterial calcification or vascular occlusion |
Carotid atherosclerosis | | | |
CIMT [75, 76, 78] | Structure of carotid artery | Noninvasive, easy operation | Multiple location of measurements |
CP [75, 76] | Structure of carotid artery | Noninvasive, easy operation | Plaque multiple variation |
CACS [79, 80] | Coronary artery structure | High cost | Prediction of CVD |
ABPM and Holter [46, 83, 84] | Ambulatory monitoring of blood pressure and ECG | Low cost, real-time monitoring | Prognosis of CVD |
Biomarkers [25, 88, 89] | Blood indicators | Simple, inexpensive, good reproducibility | Need further validation |
Genetic evaluation [91–93] | Genetic loci | Gene targeted therapy | Need further validation |
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