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| Enzymes or metabolites | Metabolic pathways | Organisms | Exposure conditions | Response to EMF |
|
| Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase | Phenylpropanoids | Phaseolus vulgaris | N/A (PEMF) | Synergistic action with growth regulators in cultured cells [26] |
|
| Polyphenol oxidase | Polyphenols | Vigna radiata | 900 MHz, up to 4 h, 8.55 μW cm−2 | 8.5-fold increase [27] |
|
| α- and β-amylases | Starch metabolism | Vigna radiata | 900 MHz, up to 4 h, 8.55 μW cm−2 | 2.5- and 15-fold increase for α- and β-amylases, respectively [27] |
|
| α- and β-amylases, starch phosphorylases | Starch metabolism | Zea mays | 1800 MHz, up to 4 h, 332 mW m−2 | 2-fold increase for amylases. −73% for starch phosphorylases [28] |
|
| Water soluble sugars | Sugar metabolism | Phaseolus vulgaris | 900 MHz, 4 h | 2-fold reduction in soluble sugars [12] |
|
| Acid and alkaline invertases | Sucrose metabolism | Zea mays | 1800 MHz, up to 4 h, 332 mW m−2 | 1.8- and 2.6-fold increase for acid and alkaline forms, respectively [28] |
|
| Malate and NADP isocitrate dehydrogenases, glucose-6P dehydrogenase | Krebs cycle, pentose phosphate pathway | Plectranthus | 900 MHz, 1 h | Lower activity (−10 to −30%) at the end of the stimulus and then a 2-fold increase 24 h later [29] |
|
| ATP content and adenylate energy charge (AEC) | Energetic metabolism | Solanum lycopersicon | 900 MHz, 10 min, 5 V m−1 | Drop of ATP content (30%) and AEC (0.8 to 0.6) 30 min after the stimulus [10] |
|
| MDA content, H2O2, superoxide dismutase, catalase, guaiacol peroxidase, glutathione reductase, ascorbate peroxidase | Lipid peroxidation-oxidative metabolism | Vigna radiata | 900 MHz, 8.55 μW cm−2 | All oxidative metabolism markers increased (2-fold to 5-fold) [7] |
|
| MDA and H2O2 content, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase | Lipid peroxidation | Lemna minor | 400 and 900 MHz, 2 to 4 h, 10 to 120 V m−1 | MDA and H2O2 content, catalase and ascorbate peroxidase activities increased (10–30%) [30] |
|
| Peroxidases | Oxidative metabolism | Vigna radiata, Lemna minor | 900 MHz, 1 to 4 h, 8.55 μW cm−2 or 41 V m−1 | Peroxidase activities increased [18, 27] |
|
| MDA, oxidized and reduced glutathione, NO synthase | Oxidative metabolism-NO metabolism | Triticum aestivum | 2.45 GHz, 5 to 25 s, 126 mW mm−2 concomitantly with NaCl treatment | Exposure to EMF reduced the oxidative response of plants to high salt treatment [31] |
|
| Protein metabolism-DNA damage | Oxidative protein and DNA damage (comet assay) | Nicotiana tabacum | 900 MHz, 23 V m−1 | Carbonyl content and tail DNA value increased (1.8-fold and 30%, resp.) [30] |
|
| Protein metabolism | Protein content | Phaseolus vulgaris, Vigna radiata, Triticum aestivum | Cell phone, 4 h | Drop in protein content in Phaseolus (71%) and Vigna (57%) [27, 32] and Triticum [13] |
|
| Amino acid metabolism | Proline accumulation | Zea mays, Vigna radiata | 940 MHz, 2 days
Cell phone, 2 h, 8.55 μW cm−2 | 1.8- and 5-fold increase in Z. mays [33] and V. radiata [7], respectively |
|
| Global terpene emission | Monoterpene metabolism | Petroselinum crispum, Apium graveolens, Anethum graveolens | 900–2400 MHz,
70–100 mW m−2 | Enhanced emission of terpene compounds [34] |
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