|
| Plant species | Exposure conditions | Responses to HF-EMF exposure and references |
|
| Raphanus sativus | Gunn generator 10.5 GHz, 14 mW, exposure of seeds and hypocotyls | Germination inhibition (45%), reduction of hypocotyl elongation (40%) [37] |
|
| Lens culinaris | Cell phone, 1800 MHz (1 mW), exposure of dormant seeds | Reduction of seedlings' root growth (60%) and mitotic index (12%). Abnormal mitosis increased (52%) [38] |
|
| Vigna radiata | Cell phone, 900 MHz, 8.55 μW cm−2 | Rhizogenesis (root number and length) severely affected [7] |
|
| Vigna radiata | Cell phone, 900 MHz, 8.55 μW cm−2 | Inhibition of germination (50%), hypocotyl (46%), and root growth (59%). Dry weight reduced by 43% [27] |
|
| Phaseolus aureus, Vigna radiata | Cell phone, 4 h exposure | Root and stem elongations severely affected (−44 and −39%, resp.) [12, 32] |
|
| Vigna radiata, Lablab purpureus | 1.8 GHz, 0.48–1.45 mW cm−2 | Reduction of height and fresh weight [39] |
|
| Zea mays | 1 GHz, 1 to 8 h, 0.47 W cm−2 | Reduced growth of 12-day-old plants (about 50% after 8 h of exposure) [40] |
|
| Zea mays | 1800 MHz, 4 h, 332 mW m−2 | Reduced growth of roots and coleoptiles (16 and 22%, resp.) [28] |
|
| Vigna radiata, Triticum aestivum | Cell phone, 900 MHz, 4 h exposure | Growth reduction (21 and 50%) in Vigna and Triticum, respectively [13] |
|
| Triticum aestivum, Cicer arietinum, Vigna radiata, Vigna aconitifolia | Klystron-based EMF generator, 9.6 GHz, 1 dBm to 3.5 dBm | Growth and biomass reduction [41] |
|
| Vigna radiata, Ipomoea aquatica | 425 MHz, 2 h, 1 mW | Growth stimulation of primary root [16] |
|
| Glycine max | 900 MHz, 5.7 to 41 V m−1 | Inhibition of epicotyl and/or root growth, depending on exposure set-up [9] |
|
| Lemna minor | 400–1900 MHz, 23 to 390 V m−1, whole plant exposure | Growth slowed down, at least in the first days following exposure [18] |
|
| Trigonella foenum-graecum, Pisum sativum | 900 MHz, 0.5–8 h | Increased root size, nodule number, and size [42] |
|
| Hibiscus sabdariffa | Resulting field from a GSM base antenna (not measured) | Reduction of flower bud abscission with increasing distances from the antenna [43] |
|
| Linum usitatissimum | Cell phone or Gunn generator (105 GHz), 2 h | Production of epidermic meristems under calcium deprivation condition [44] |
|
| Rosa hybrida | 900 MHz, 5–200 V m−1, whole plant exposure in MSRC | Delayed and reduced (45%) growth of secondary axes [45] |
|
