Applications of Chondrocyte-Based Cartilage Engineering: An Overview

Table 2

Differences of autologous transplantation/implantation generations.

	First generation	Second generation	Third generation
Description	Autologous chondrocyte suspension with periosteum	Autologous chondrocyte suspension with collagen membrane	Autologous chondrocyte suspension in biomaterials
Cells source/delivery; procedure	Carticel, periosteum patch; ChondroCelect, characterized chondrocyte implantation; (expanded population of chondrocytes that expresses a marker profile predictive of the capacity to form stable hyaline-like cartilage in vivo)	Chondro-Gide; Bilayer; membrane	MACI®, CaReS®, Tissucol®, NeoCart; type I/III collagen, fibrin glue,; type I/III collagen bilayer, BioSeed® C,; esterified derivative of hyaluronate; Hyalograft® C, fibrin glue +; polymer-based scaffold of polyglycolic/polylactic acid and polydioxanone; collagen type I gel seeded with autologous; chondrocyte directly after isolation

Adopted from Samsudin and Kamarul, 2015 [101].