BioMed Research International

Review Article

Height and Risk of Hip Fracture: A Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies

Table 1

Characteristics of epidemiological studies of height and risk of hip fracture included in the meta-analysis.


Study	Cohort	Age (years)	Number of cases/number of participants	Follow-up years	Endpoint ascertainment	Sex	Exposure level (cm)²	RR (95% CI)	Adjustment for confounders

Paganini-Hill et al., 1991, US. [15]⁢	The Leisure World Study⁢	Median 73⁢	418/13,649⁢	7⁢	Medical records⁢	Female	≧165.1 versus ≦157.5	1.26 (0.98, 1.62)	Age⁢
						Male	≧180.3 versus ≦170.2	1.48 (0.86, 2.55)

Meyer et al., 1993, Norway [11]⁢	National Health Screening Service (1974–1990)	35–49⁢	210/52,313⁢	10.9⁢	Medical records⁢	Female	≧170 versus <155	3.62 (1.46, 8.97)	Age⁢
						Male	≧185 versus <170	2.92 (0.94, 9.05)

Meyer et al., 1995, Norway [12]⁢	National Health Screening Service (1963–1975)⁢	50–89⁢	6,087/673,848⁢	16.4⁢	Death certificates⁢	Female⁢	A1: >165 versus ≦157	1.26 (0.74, 1.68)	Age⁢
							A2: >163 versus ≦156	1.10 (0.96, 1.26)
							A3: >161 versus ≦154	1.19 (1.04, 1.35)
							A4: >160 versus ≦153	1.07 (0.81, 1.41)
						Male⁢	A1: >178 versus ≦170	0.98 (0.68, 1.42)
							A2: >176 versus ≦168	1.20 (0.98, 1.45)
							A3: >175 versus ≦167	1.10 (0.90, 1.33)
							A4: >174 versus ≦165	1.00 (0.67, 1.51)

Hemenway et al., 1995, US. [10]	Nurses Health Study	35–59	243/92,804	10	Self-report, confirmed by medical records	Female	≧172.7 versus 157.5	2.40 (1.43, 4.02)	Age, body mass index, smoking status, alcohol consumption

Owusu et al., 1998, US. [14]	Health Professionals Follow-Up Study	40–75	56/43,053	8	Self-report	Male	≧188 versus ≦168	3.97 (1.28, 12.3)	Age, weight, calcium intake, smoking, alcohol consumption, waist-to-hip ratio

Opotowsky et al., 2003, US. [13]⁢	NHANES I Epidemiologic Follow-Up Study⁢	40–74⁢	203/4,264⁢	22⁢	Medical records⁢	Female⁢	B1: ≧168.3 versus ≦155.2	3.91 (1.37, 11.13)	Age, weight, age at menopause, hormone use, recreational activity, nonrecreational activity, alcohol use, history of fracture, history of chronic diseases
							B2: ≧165.4 versus ≦152.0	2.01 (1.18, 3.44)
							B3: ≧165.4 versus ≦152.1	1.27 (0.70, 2.29)

Benetou et al., 2011, 5 European countries¹ [16]	EPIC-Elderly-NAH Study	60–86	261/27,982	8	Self-report or medical records	Female/male	≧180 versus ≦149	1.59 (0.60, 4.22)	Age, educational level, smoking status, history of diabetes mellitus

Including Germany, Greece, Italy, Netherlands, and Sweden.
²A1: 50–59 years; A2: 60–69 years; A3: 70–79 years; A4: 80–89 years; B1: 40–59 years; B2: 60–69 years; B3: 70–74 years.