Risk Factors and Treatment for Hemorrhage after Pancreaticoduodenectomy: A Case Series of 423 Patients

Table 2

Univariate analyses of intraoperative and postoperative factors for early and late PPH.

Variables	Early PPH ()	No PPH ()		Late PPH ()	No PPH ()
Anastomosis type			0.223			0.181
Nonmucosa to mucosa	9	99		8	99
Mucosa to mucosa	14	282		11	282
Postoperative pancreatic fistula			>0.99			0.011
Yes	0	88		10	88
No	0	293		9	293
Preoperative biliary fistula			>0.99			0.024
Yes	0	21		4	21
No	0	360		15	360
Postoperative abdominal abscess			>0.99			0.011
Yes	0	16		4	16
No	0	365		15	365
Vascular reconstruction			0.018			0.047
Yes	4	15		3	15
No	19	366		16	366
Intraoperative pancreatic duct diameter			0.654			0.854
≥3 mm	10	135		12	254
<3 mm	13	265		7	127

PPH: postpancreatectomy hemorrhage; PPPD: pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy; PD: pancreaticoduodenectomy.