A De-O-acylated Lipooligosaccharide-Based Adjuvant System Promotes Antibody and Th1-Type Immune Responses to H1N1 Pandemic Influenza Vaccine in Mice

Figure 7

CIA06-adjuvanted Greenflu-S does not induce excessive inflammatory responses in mouse lungs upon influenza infection. Mice were immunized twice at a 2-week interval with nonadjuvanted or CIA06-adjuvanted Greenflu-S (0.2 μg). Control mice were given PBS or CIA06. Two weeks later, mice were challenged with influenza virus, and lung samples were collected 4 days after infection. (a) H&E-stained sections of the mouse lung were merged to display a whole lobe of the lung. (b) An original image of the H&E-stained sections of the lung is shown. Magnification 100x. (c) Lung sections were subjected to immunostaining with anti-mouse MPO antibody (green) and anti-influenza A NP antibody (red), followed by staining with DAPI (blue). The images presented are representative of 20 to 45 images from three mice in each group. Magnification 200x. (d) Total cellular RNA was isolated from the lung tissues of each mouse, and mRNA levels of cytokine and chemokine genes were analyzed by semiquantitative RT-PCR and expressed as relative levels to those of the infected PBS control mice. ; ; and . NS, not significant as compared with the infected PBS control group.