Histopathological Evaluation of Contrast-Induced Acute Kidney Injury Rodent Models

Table 1

Viscosity and osmolality of the 3 generations of radiocontrast materials (RCM). The iodine/molecule ratio is 1.5 : 1 in high-osmolality contrast media (HOCM), 3 : 1 in LOCM (tri-iodinated molecules), and 6 : 1 in IOCM dimers [61].

Osmol. group	Name		Chem struct	Viscosity (mPa)		Osmolality (m)	Year intro.
(intro.)	Chemical	Brand		(20°C)	(37°C)	mOsm/kg H2O
Isoosmotic (IOCM) (1990s)	Iodixanol	Visipaque	Nonionic dimer	26.6	11.1	290	1996
	Iotrolan	Iovist		6.8	9.5	320	1989
Low (LOCM) (1980s)	Ioxaglate	Hexabrix	Ionic dimer	15.7	7.5	600	1985
	Ioxilan	Oxilan	Nonionic monomer	16.3	7.8	695	1995
	Iomeprol	Imeron		15.6	8.1	726	1994
	Iopromide	Ultravist		22	9.5	770	1995
	Iohexol	Omnipaque		20.4	11.2	780	1985
	Ioversol	Optiray		18	8.5	792	1988
	Iopamidol	Isovue		20.9	9.8	796	1997
	Iobitridol	Xenetix		21	10	915	1994
High (HOCM) (1950s)	Diatrizoate	Crystographin Hypaque	Ionic monomer	18.5	8.4	2000, 1550	1955
	Metrizoate	Isopaque		NA	3.4	2100	1959
	Iothalamate	Conray		NA	9	2400	1962