Gender-Specific Associations between Socioeconomic Status and Psychological Factors and Metabolic Syndrome in the Korean Population: Findings from the 2013 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Table 1
Characteristics of study population according to the presence of metabolic syndrome.
Variables
Men ()
Women ()
Without MS ()
MS ()
-value
Without MS ()
MS ()
-value
Age, years
47.0 ± 16.2
53.1 ± 14.1
<0.001
45.1 ± 14.5
61.0 ± 12.2
<0.001
BMI, kg/m2
23.3 ± 2.74
26.5 ± 3.17
<0.001
22.5 ± 2.97
26.2 ± 3.54
<0.001
Waist circumference, cm
81.1 ± 7.44
91.1 ± 7.89
<0.001
74.9 ± 8.06
86.6 ± 8.67
<0.001
SBP, mmHg
117.0 ± 14.0
127.7 ± 16.3
<0.001
111.4 ± 15.7
128.6 ± 16.9
<0.001
DBP, mmHg
76.0 ± 9.48
82.2 ± 12.4
<0.001
71.9 ± 9.42
77.0 ± 10.9
<0.001
FBG, mg/dL
95.9 ± 15.9
113.1 ± 26.6
<0.001
92.8 ± 14.7
111.9 ± 28.3
<0.001
Total cholesterol, mg/dL
186.0 ± 34.5
189.9 ± 39.2
0.033
187.8 ± 34.3
198.3 ± 39.3
<0.001
Triglycerides, mg/dL
121.7 ± 79.6
244.0 ± 190.5
<0.001
93.1 ± 49.8
185.7 ± 99.1
<0.001
HDL cholesterol, mg/dL
47.6 ± 9.68
39.2 ± 8.56
<0.001
53.2 ± 10.2
42.6 ± 7.55
<0.001
Current smoking (%)
552 (39.5%)
253 (40.4%)
0.364
98 (4.9%)
34 (5.1%)
0.426
Heavy alcohol consumption (%)
450 (32.1%)
241 (38.2%)
0.008
158 (7.9%)
29 (4.4%)
<0.001
Exercise
Vigorous intensity
302 (21.6%)
96 (15.3%)
0.001
290 (14.5%)
55 (8.3%)
<0.001
Moderate intensity
126 (9.0%)
33 (5.3%)
0.002
102 (5.09%)
20 (3.02%)
0.017
Walking implementation
591 (42.3%)
233 (37.2%)
0.018
686 (34.2%)
204 (30.8%)
0.067
Activity limitations
89 (6.37%)
72 (11.5%)
<0.001
122 (6.09%)
95 (14.4%)
<0.001
Marital status
<0.001
<0.001
Single
317 (22.7%)
51 (8.1%)
316 (15.8%)
18 (2.7%)
Married
1018 (72.8%)
521 (83.2%)
1430 (71.4%)
434 (65.6%)
Divorced
42 (3.0%)
37 (5.9%)
98 (4.9%)
32 (4.8%)
Widowed
21 (1.5%)
17 (2.7%)
159 (7.9%)
178 (26.9%)
Household income
<0.001
<0.001
Lowest
205 (14.7%)
130 (20.8%)
275 (13.7%)
233 (35.2%)
Medium lowest
357 (25.5%)
155 (24.8%)
541 (27.0%)
172 (26.0%)
Medium highest
379 (27.1%)
178 (28.4%)
531 (26.5%)
151 (22.8%)
Highest
456 (32.6%)
163 (26.0%)
656 (32.8%)
106 (16.0%)
Education
<0.001
<0.001
Elementary or less (≤6 years)
184 (13.2%)
116 (18.5%)
360 (18.0%)
350 (52.9%)
Middle school (7–9 years)
126 (9.01%)
83 (13.3%)
168 (8.39%)
87 (13.1%)
High school (10–12 years)
535 (38.3%)
239 (38.2%)
729 (36.4%)
163 (24.6%)
College and above (≥13 years)
553 (39.6%)
188 (30.0%)
746 (37.2%)
62 (9.37%)
Occupation
0.120
<0.001
None
343 (24.5%)
163 (26.0%)
930 (46.4%)
400 (60.4%)
Manual
581 (41.6%)
230 (36.7%)
781 (39.0%)
130 (19.6%)
Nonmanual
474 (33.9%)
233 (37.2%)
292 (14.6%)
132 (19.9%)
Psychological factors
Perceived stress
281 (20.1%)
130 (20.8%)
0.386
458 (22.9%)
179 (27.0%)
0.015
Depressive symptoms
90 (6.4%)
57 (9.1%)
0.022
260 (13.0%)
119 (18.0%)
0.001
Suicidal thoughts
43 (3.1%)
36 (5.8%)
0.004
97 (4.8%)
51 (7.7%)
0.004
BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FBG, fasting blood glucose.
