New Therapeutic Concept of NAD Redox Balance for Cisplatin Nephrotoxicity

Figure 1

Possible pathways for mammalian NAD⁺ biosynthesis. The biosynthesis of NAD⁺ through de novo, salvage, NQO1 pathways, and specific inhibition for PARPs. ATP: adenosine triphosphate, FAD: flavin adenine dinucleotide, IDO: indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, Na: nicotinic acid, NaAD: nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide, NAD: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, NADS: NAD synthetase, Nam: nicotinamide, NaMN: nicotinic acid mononucleotide, NaPRT: nicotinic acid phosphoribosyl transferase, NMN: nicotinamide mononucleotide, NMNAT: nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase, NQO1: NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1, NR: nicotinamide riboside, NRK1,2: nicotinamide riboside kinase 1, 2, NamPRT: nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase, NMNAT: nicotinamide mononucleotide adenyltransferase, QA: quinolinic acid, QPRT: quinolinate phosphoribosyltransferase, TDO: tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase, AFA: arylformamidase, KMO: kynurenine 3-monooxygenase, KYN: kynureninase, HAD: 3-hydroxy-anthranilate 3,4-dioxygenase, and PARPs: poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases.