Review Article
Construction Formula of Biological Age Using the Principal Component Analysis
Table 3
Biomarkers of ageing.
| Organ system | Biomarker | Epidemiologic studies |
| Cardiovascular system | Pulse pressure | [12, 25] | Systolic blood pressure | [11, 17–23] | Heart rate | [17, 18] | Intima-media thickness | [12, 24, 25] | Maximum internal diameter of carotid artery | [24, 25] | End diastolic velocity | [12] | Mitral valve annulus ventricular septum of the peak velocity of early filling | [24] | Mitral valve annulus lateral wall of peak velocity of early filling | [12] | Mitral annulus peak E anterior wall | [25] | Ratio of peak velocity of early filling to atrial filling | [12] | Respiratory system | | [11, 23] | Forced expiratory volume in 1 s | [11, 20–23] | Forced vital capacity | [17–19] | Maximal midexpiratory flow rate 75/25 | [24] | Nervous system | Trail making test | [24] | Digital symbol test | [25] | Renal system | Blood urea nitrogen | [17–19, 21–23] | Cystatin C | [12, 24, 25] | Liver | Serum albumin | [21–23] | Glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase | [17, 18] | Glutamic pyruvic transaminase | [19] | Ratio of albumin to globulin | [20] | Lactate dehydrogenase | [17–19] | Hematologic system | Erythrocyte sedimentation rate | [23] | Mean corpuscular hemoglobin | [20] | Red blood cell count | [22] | Hematocrit | [21] | Haemoglobin concentration | [18, 19] | Fibrinogen | [12] | Metabolism | Glycosylated hemoglobin | [23] | Glucose | [19, 20] | Low density cholesterol | [23] | Atherogenic index | [17, 18] | Triglyceride | [18] | Total cholesterol concentration | [19] | Muscle and fat | Grip strength | [11] | Soft lean mass | [11] | Waist circumference | [11, 23] | Percent body fat | [23] | Sensory system | Hearing threshold | [23] | Genetic index | Telomere restriction fragment | [25] |
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