Independent and Combined Effects of Maternal Prepregnancy Body Mass Index and Gestational Weight Gain on Offspring Growth at 0–3 Years of Age
Table 1
Maternal and neonatal characteristics at baseline.
Characteristics
Below IOM criteria ()
Met IOM criteria ()
Exceeded IOM criteria ()
Maternal characteristics
Maternal age at delivery (year)
0.246
20–29
51 (71.8)
381 (79.4)
214 (77.8)
30–34
15 (21.1)
85 (17.7)
46 (16.7)
≥35
5 (7.0)
14 (2.9)
15 (5.5)
Prepregnancy body mass index
<0.001
Underweight
26 (36.6)
131 (27.3)
33 (12.0)
Normal weight
45 (63.4)
334 (69.6)
205 (74.5)
Overweight and obese
0 (0)
15 (3.1)
37 (13.5)
Maternal education
0.156
≥University
19 (26.8)
156 (32.5)
108 (39.3)
Junior college
30 (42.3)
141 (29.4)
77 (28.0)
High school
11 (15.5)
101 (21.0)
51 (18.5)
Junior school
11 (15.5)
77 (16.0)
33 (12.0)
≤Primary school
0 (0)
3 (0.6)
3 (1.1)
Unknown
0 (0)
2 (0.4)
3 (1.1)
Family income (US dollars/year)
0.282
>30,000
2 (2.8)
26 (5.4)
9 (3.3)
15,000–30,000
28 (39.4)
167 (34.8)
76 (27.6)
7,500–15,000
22 (31.0)
149 (31.0)
105 (38.2)
3,000–7,500
13 (18.3)
101 (21.0)
62 (22.5)
<3,000
6 (8.5)
32 (6.7)
17 (6.2)
Unknown
0 (0)
5 (1.0)
6 (2.2)
Cigarette exposure in pregnancy
0.937
No
51 (71.8)
342 (71.3)
198 (72.0)
Yes
20 (28.2)
136 (28.3)
75 (27.3)
Unknown
0 (0)
2 (0.4)
2 (0.7)
Cigarette exposure overall
0.936
No
45 (63.4)
309 (64.4)
174 (63.3)
Yes
26 (36.6)
169 (35.2)
99 (36.0)
Unknown
0 (0)
2 (0.4)
2 (0.7)
Hypertensive disorders in pregnancy
0.569
No
69 (97.2)
462 (96.3)
261 (94.9)
Yes
2 (2.8)
18 (3.8)
14 (5.1)
Parity
0.878
Primipara
58 (81.7)
382 (79.6)
222 (80.7)
Multipara
13 (18.3)
98 (20.4)
53 (19.3)
Delivery mode
0.017
Vaginal delivery
27 (38.0)
216 (45.0)
95 (34.5)
Cesarean section
44 (62.0)
264 (55.0)
180 (65.5)
Neonatal characteristics
Infant sex
0.784
Male
36 (50.7)
259 (54.0)
152 (55.3)
Female
35 (49.3)
221 (46.0)
123 (44.7)
Gestational age (GA) (week)
<0.001
Premature (GA < 37)
8 (11.3)
8 (1.7)
4 (1.5)
Full term (37 ≤ GA < 42)
63 (88.7)
472 (98.3)
268 (97.5)
Postterm (GA ≥ 42)
0 (0.0)
0 (0)
3 (1.1)
Birth weight (g)
<0.001
<2500
6 (8.5)
6 (1.3)
0 (0)
2500–4000
65 (91.5)
459 (95.6)
246 (89.5)
>4000
0 (0)
15 (3.1)
29 (10.5)
Weight for gestational age
<0.001
SGA
12 (16.9)
23 (4.8)
3 (1.1)
AGA
57 (80.3)
425 (88.5)
216 (78.5)
LGA
2 (2.8)
32 (6.7)
56 (20.4)
IOM: American Institute of Medicine; GA: gestational age; SGA/AGA/LGA: small/appropriate/large for gestational age. Maternal and neonatal characteristics were presented as (%). Statistical analysis was performed by Chi-square test. , .
