Review Article
Can Molecular Biomarkers Change the Paradigm of Pancreatic Cancer Prognosis?
Table 1
Published studies of PDAC biomarkers with potential value in clinical practice.
| Name (biomarker type) | Molecule/method | Author | Clinical trial | | Endpoint | value | Reference |
| ECOG (prognosis) | Clinical classification/scale | Louvet et al. | Phase III | 313 | Gemcitabine/oxaliplatin | <0.001 | [19] | Van Cutsem et al. | Phase III | 688 | Gemcitabine/tipifarnib | <0.001 | [20] | Vivaldi et al. | Prospective | 137 | FOLFOXIRI | =0.001 | [21] |
| CA19-9 (prognosis) | Protein/serum levels > or = 50 U/mL | Kang et al. | Retrospective | 61 | Survival after surgery | =0.0049 | [22] | Protein/serum levels > or = 130 U/mL | Maithel et al. | Prospective | 491 | Tumour unresectability | =0.005 | [23] |
| C-reactive protein (prognosis) | Protein/serum levels > or = 5 mg/dL | Engelken et al. | Retrospective | 51 | Survival | =0.001 | [24] | Protein/serum levels > 10 mg/dL | Falconer et al. | Retrospective | 102 | Survival | =0.001 | [25] | Protein/serum levels > 10 mg/dL | Jamieson et al. | Retrospective | 65 | Survival | <0.001 | [26] | Protein/serum levels > 5 mg/dL | Pine et al. | Retrospective | 199 | Survival | =0.027 | [27] | Protein/serum levels ≥ 2.0 mg/dL | Mitsunaga et al. | Retrospective/prospective | 421 | Survival | <0.01 | [28] |
| SPARC (predictor/prognosis) | Protein/IHC | Infante et al. | Retrospective | 299 | Survival | <0.001 | [29] | Gundewar et al. | Retrospective | 88 | Survival | =0.020 | [30] | Sinn et al. | Phase III | 160 | Survival/gemcitabine | =0.033 | [31] |
| KRAS (diagnosis/prognosis) | DNA or ctDNA/real-time PCR | Shin et al. | Retrospective | 272 | Survival after surgery | =0.001 | [32] | Bournet et al. | Retrospective | 219 | Survival | =0.01 | [33] | Tjensvoll et al. | Prospective | 14 | Survival | =0.01 | [34] | Kinugasa et al. | Prospective | 141 | Survival | =0.002 | [35] |
| P53 (prognosis) | Protein/IHC, DNA/real-time PCR | DiGiuseppe et al. | Retrospective | 48 | Survival | =0.07 | [36] | Mäkinen et al. | Retrospective | 59 | Survival | =n.s. | [37] | Nio et al. | Retrospective | 63 | Survival | =n.s. | [38] | Gerdes et al. | Retrospective | 62 | Survival | =n.s. | [39] | Jeong et al. | Retrospective | 44 | Survival | =0.029 | [40] | Bold et al. | Retrospective | 70 | Survival | =0.01 | [41] |
| KI-67 (prognosis) | Protein/IHC | Lundin et al. | Retrospective | 133 | Survival | =0.0008 | [42] | Kim et al. | Retrospective | 34 | 1-year recurrence after surgery | =0.029 | [43] | Sagol et al. | Retrospective | 45 | Survival | =n.s. | [44] | Stanton et al. | Retrospective | 33 | Survival | =n.s. | [45] |
| BCL2 (prognosis) | Protein/IHC | Nio et al. | Retrospective | 63 | Survival | =n.s. | [38] | Bold et al. | Retrospective | 70 | Survival | =0.01 | [41] | Friess et al. | Retrospective | 78 | Survival | =n.s. | [46] |
| BAX (prognosis) | Protein/IHC | Friess et al. | Retrospective | 78 | Survival | <0.001 | [46] |
| P16 (diagnosis/prognosis) | Protein/IHC | Naka et al. | Retrospective | 32 | Survival | <0.05 | [47] | Hu et al. | Retrospective | 62 | Chronic pancreatitis | <0.01 | [48] | Ohtsubo et al. | Retrospective | 60 | Survival | <0.05 | [49] |
| DPC4/SMAD4 (prognosis) | Protein/IHC, DNA/real-time PCR | Shin et al. | Retrospective | 272 | Survival after surgery | =0.047 | [32] | Tascilar et al. | Retrospective | 249 | Survival after surgery | =0.03 | [50] | Biankin et al. | Retrospective | 129 | Tumour unresectability and survival | <0.0001 | [51] |
| BRCA2 (diagnosis) | DNA/real-time PCR | Murphy et al. | Retrospective | 31 | Familial pancreatic cancer | <0.001 | [52] |
| miRNA-21 (predictive) | RNA/real-time PCR | Khan et al. | Phase II | 17 | Survival/cetuximab | =0.032 | [53] |
| miRNA-155 (diagnosis) | RNA/real-time PCR, LNA-ISH | Habbe et al. | Retrospective | 79 | Early diagnosis | <0.05 | [54] |
| HOTAIR (diagnosis) | RNA/real-time PCR | Xie et al. | Retrospective | 130 | Liquid biopsy diagnosis | <0.001 | [55] |
| PVT-1 (diagnosis) | RNA/real-time PCR | Xie et al. | Retrospective | 130 | Liquid biopsy diagnosis | <0.001 | [55] |
| ATF6α-P38 (prognosis) | Protein/IHC | Martinez-Useros et al. | Retrospective | 53 | Recurrence after surgery | =0.008 | [56] |
| GRP78 (prognosis) | Protein/IHC | Niu et al. | Retrospective | 180 | Survival | <0.05 | [57] |
| Vimentin (prognosis) | Protein/IHC | Handra-Luca et al. | Retrospective | 387 | Survival after surgery | <0.01 | [58] |
| E-cadherin (prognosis) | Protein/IHC | Li and Ji | Retrospective | 59 | Survival | >0.05 | [59] | Hong et al. | Retrospective | 329 | Survival after surgery | =0.005 | [60] |
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: number of patients; IHC: immunohistochemistry; LNA-ISH: locked nucleic acid in situ hybridization.
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