Sociodemographic Correlates of Tobacco Consumption in Rural Gujarat, India

Table 4

Logistic regression: predictors of tobacco use.

Variable	Unadjusted odds ratio (95% CI)	Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI)	values
Tobacco use (all forms) as the dependent variable
Gender
Female	Ref	Ref
Male	14.08 (12.62, 15.71)	11.33 (9.78, 13.13)	<.001
Age
18–34 years	Ref	Ref
35–44 years	1.42 (1.30, 1.55)	1.74 (1.57, 1.93)	<.001
45–54 years	1.55 (1.42, 1.71)	2.21 (1.98, 2.47)	<.001
Above 55 years	1.39 (1.27, 1.52)	2.40 (2.14, 2.70)	.002
Occupation
Self-employed	Ref	Ref
Employed for wages	2.10 (1.79, 2.46)	2.16 (1.81, 2.58)	<.001
Not employed	0.17 (0.16, 0.18)	0.77 (0.69, 0.86)	<.001
Educational levels
No formal education	Ref	Ref
Elementary education	1.70 (1.56, 1.85)	1.74 (1.58, 1.92)	<.001
High school education	2.80 (2.60, 3.06)	3.00 (2.64, 3.33)	<.001
Some college and college graduate	2.75 (2.30, 3.29)	2.36 (1.91, 2.93)	<.001
Knowledge level	0.73 (0.69, 0.76)	0.60 (0.56, 0.63)	<.001
Smoking (cigarettes and bidis) as the dependent variable
Gender
Female	Ref	Ref
Male	24.71 (21.06, 29.00)	24.32 (19.91, 29.70)	<.001
Age
18–34 years	Ref	Ref
35–44 years	0.65 (0.59, 0.72)	2.65 (2.37, 3.04)	<.001
45–54 years	0.55 (0.50, 0.61)	1.46 (1.33, 1.71)	<.001
Above 55 years	0.58 (0.53, 0.64)	1.15 (0.96, 1.26)	.09
Occupation
Self-employed	Ref	Ref
Employed for wages	6.59 (6.01, 7.22)	1.12 (1.00, 1.26)	.063
Not employed	0.85 (0.71, 1.02)	0.83 (0.68, 1.00)	.052
Educational levels
No formal education	Ref	Ref
Elementary education	0.60 (0.55, 0.66)	0.58 (0.52, 0.64)	<.001
High school education	0.42 (0.38, 0.47)	0.40 (0.35, 0.45)	<.001
Some college and college graduate	0.51 (0.41, 0.63)	0.56 (0.44, 0.72)	<.001
Knowledge level	1.20 (1.13, 1.27)	1.38 (1.29, 1.47)	<.001
Smokeless/chewing tobacco as the dependent variable
Gender
Female	Ref	Ref
Male	15.14 (12.83, 17.87)	9.67 (7.87, 11.89)	<.001
Age
18–34 years	Ref	Ref
35–44 years	1.02 (0.92, 1.14)	1.30 (1.11, 1.53)	.001
45–54 years	0.76 (0.67, 0.86)	1.59 (1.34, 1.89)	.001
Above 55 years	0.48 (0.41, 0.55)	1.30 (1.09, 1.56)	.001
Occupation
Self-employed	Ref	Ref
Employed for wages	2.11 (1.78, 2.52)	1.82 (1.50, 2.21)	<.001
Not employed	0.16 (0.15, 0.18)	0.68 (0.59, 0.79)	<.001
Educational levels
No formal education	Ref	Ref
Elementary education	2.27 (2.00, 2.58)	1.69 (1.47, 1.94)	<.001
High school education	4.87 (4.28, 5.53)	3.34 (2.89, 3.87)	<.001
Some college and college graduate	6.06 (4.91, 7.48)	3.70 (2.91, 4.70)	<.001
Knowledge level	0.79 (0.74, 0.84)	0.69 (0.64, 0.74)	<.001

CI: confidence level.
Ref: reference category.
Note. Predictor variables included in logistic regression: gender, age, occupation, educational levels, and knowledge level.