A Review of Animal Models of Intervertebral Disc Degeneration: Pathophysiology, Regeneration, and Translation to the Clinic

<div>(a) Ovine drill bit injured intervertebral disc demonstrating injury penetrating through the annulus into the nucleus. (b) 9.4 T axial MRI T2 sequence demonstrating drill bit injury tract extending through AF to NP. AF indicates annulus fibrosus; NP indicates nucleus pulposus.</div>

BioMed Research International

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Figure 3

Figure 3: A Review of Animal Models of Intervertebral Disc Degeneration: Pathophysiology, Regeneration, and Translation to the Clinic 