Does Physical Fitness Buffer the Relationship between Psychosocial Stress, Retinal Vessel Diameters, and Blood Pressure among Primary Schoolchildren?

Table 2

Regression analyses with critical life events, family stress, peer stress, and school stress as independent variables, fitness as a moderator, and retinal vessel diameters as outcomes.

	Critical life events		Family stress		Peer stress		School stress
CRAE	Δ	β	Δ	β	Δ	β	Δ	β
Step  1:	0.365	—	0.365	—	0.365	—	0.365	—
Sex	—	0.11	—	0.11	—	0.12	—	0.11
Age	—	−0.08	—	−0.08	—	−0.08	—	−0.08
Parental education	—	0.01	—	0.01	—	−0.02	—	0.01
BMI	—	−0.05	—	−0.05	—	−0.04	—	−0.06
CRVE	—	0.57	—	0.57	—	0.57	—	0.57
Step  2: stress	0.000	−0.02	0.000	0.01	0.005	0.10	0.000	0.01
Step  3: fitness	0.005	0.08	0.005	0.08	0.006	0.10	0.005	0.08
Step  4: stress × fitness	0.000	−0.01	0.002	0.05	0.010	0.10	0.000	−0.02
Total	0.370		0.372		0.386		0.370
n	325		325		325		325
CRVE	Δ	β	Δ	β	Δ	β	Δ	β
Step  1:	0.359	—	0.359	—	0.359	—	0.359	—
Sex	—	0.04	—	0.04	—	0.04	—	0.04
Age	—	0.01	—	0.02	—	0.02	—	0.02
Parental education	—	−0.07	—	−0.08	—	−0.07	—	−0.08
BMI	—	−0.04	—	−0.04	—	−0.04	—	−0.04
CRAE	—	0.57	—	0.57	—	0.58	—	0.57
Step  2: stress	0.001	0.02	0.003	0.06	0.000	0.03	0.000	−0.01
Step  3: fitness	0.011	−0.12	0.012	−0.13	0.011	−0.13	0.011	−0.12
Step  4: stress × fitness	0.000	−0.00	0.000	0.02	0.003	−0.05	0.001	−0.04
Total	0.370		0.374		0.373		0.371
n	325		325		325		325
AVR	Δ	β	Δ	β	Δ	β	Δ	β
Step  1:	0.018	—	0.018	—	0.018	—	0.018	—
Sex	—	0.09	—	0.09	—	0.09	—	0.09
Age	—	−0.08	—	−0.09	—	−0.09	—	−0.08
Parental education	—	0.03	—	0.03	—	0.02	—	0.03
BMI	—	−0.03	—	−0.03	—	−0.02	—	−0.03
Step  2: stress	0.001	−0.03	0.000	−0.02	0.004	0.10	0.000	0.01
Step  3: fitness	0.013	0.13	0.013	0.13	0.015	0.15	0.013	0.13
Step  4: stress × fitness	0.000	−0.01	0.001	0.04	0.014	0.12	0.000	0.01
Total	0.032		0.032		0.052		0.032
n	325		325		325		325
Systolic blood pressure	Δ	β	Δ		Δ	β	Δ	β
Step  1:	0.102		0.102		0.102		0.102
Sex	—	−0.01	—	0.00	—	−0.02	—	0.00
Age	—	0.10	—	0.04	—	0.05	—	0.05
Parental education	—	−0.09	—	−0.05	—	−0.04	—	−0.05
BMI	—	0.32	—	0.31	—	0.30	—	0.29
Step  2: stress	0.002	−0.09	0.002	−0.06	0.013	−0.12	0.001	0.01
Step  3: fitness	0.002	−0.06	0.003	−0.06	0.001	−0.04	0.003	−0.05
Step  4: stress × fitness	0.009	−0.10	0.002	−0.05	0.003	−0.06	0.006	−0.08
Total	0.115		0.109		0.119		0.112
n	325		325		325		325
Diastolic blood pressure	Δ	β	Δ	β	Δ	β	Δ	β
Step  1:	0.045		0.045		0.045		0.045
Sex	—	0.11	—	0.12	—	0.11	—	0.11
Age	—	0.07	—	0.06	—	0.06	—	0.07
Parental education	—	−0.07	—	−0.08	—	−0.06	—	−0.08
BMI	—	0.16	—	0.16	—	0.14	—	0.14
Step  2: stress	0.000	−0.01	0.000	−0.00	0.010	−0.11	0.000	−0.03
Step  3: fitness	0.005	0.09	0.005	0.09	0.004	0.06	0.005	0.08
Step  4: stress × fitness	0.004	−0.07	0.007	−0.08	0.008	−0.09	0.015	−0.13
Total	0.055		0.057		0.067		0.065
n	325		325		325		325

Note. All analyses controlled for sex, age, parental education, and BMI. CRAE was controlled in the models with CRVE as the outcome and CRVE in the models with CRAE as the outcome. . . .