Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery and Minimal Access Spinal Surgery Compared in Anterior Thoracic or Thoracolumbar Junctional Spinal Reconstruction: A Case-Control Study and Review of the Literature

Table 4

Causes of conversion thoracotomy in MIS for anterior spinal surgery.

	VATS ()	MASS ()
Conversion to standard open procedure	15 (2)	0
Severe intrathoracic adhesion	6	0
Iatrogenic cardiovascular injury	3	0
Excessive uncontrollable bleeding	3	0
Poor tolerance of one-lung ventilation	2	0
Extremely narrow intercostal space	1	0

Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation or number (%). .
MIS: minimally invasive surgery; VATS: video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery; MASS: minimal access spinal surgery.