Coxiella burnetii Seroprevalence and Risk Factors in Cattle Farmers and Farm Residents in Three Northeastern Provinces and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China

Table 3

Bivariate logistic regression analysis of farm-based characteristics associated with Coxiella burnetii positivity among cattle farmers and farm residents in three northeastern provinces and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China.

Variable	Category	Number of humans tested	Positive (%)	OR (95% CI)	value
Region	Heilongjiang	98	30.61	Reference
	Jilin	76	27.63	0.87 (0.45–1.68)	0.667
	Liaoning	92	31.52	1.04 (0.56–1.93)	0.892
	Inner Mongolia	96	51.04	2.36 (1.31–4.25)	0.004
Urbanization	Moderate or minor urban area	149	20.81	Reference	<0.001
	Rural area	213	46.01	3.24 (2.01–5.24)
Herd size	Small (50–100)	197	32.48	Reference	0.393
	Medium (100–150)	104	39.42	1.35 (0.83–2.22)
	Large (>150)	61	39.34	1.35 (0.74–2.44)
Beef cattle on the farm	Yes	202	37.13	1.16 (0.75–1.79)	0.505
	No	160	33.75	Reference
Number of stables	>3 stables	117	32.48	0.81 (0.51–1.30)	0.386
	≤3 stables	245	37.14	Reference
Use of artificial insemination	Yes	84	46.43	1.81 (1.10–2.98)	0.018
	No	278	32.37	Reference
Laying hens on farm	Yes	243	40.33	1.92 (1.18–3.11)	0.008
	No	119	26.05	Reference
Presence of cat(s) in cattle stable	Present	198	36.36	1.07 (0.70–1.65)	0.751
	Absent	164	34.76	Reference
Use of silage	Yes	276	40.22	2.54 (1.43–4.51)	0.001
	No	86	20.93	Reference
Use of maize	Yes	288	38.19	1.79 (1.01–3.17)	0.045
	No	74	25.68	Reference
Feeding method	Fodder mixer or automatic	241	32.37	0.66 (0.42–1.03)	0.067
	Hand/wheelbarrow	121	42.15	Reference
Presence of mice and/or rats in the stable	Present	199	45.23	2.63 (1.67–4.14)	<0.001
	Absent	163	23.93	Reference
Farm visitors	Yes	143	37.76	1.17 (0.75–1.81)	0.495
	No	219	34.25	Reference
Farm boots for staff	Yes	277	36.46	1.17 (0.70–1.95)	0.553
	No	85	32.94	Reference
Presence of hygienic locker room	Yes	269	31.97	0.55 (0.34–0.88)	0.013
	No	93	46.24	Reference
Presence of disinfection equipment	Yes	224	29.46	0.50 (0.32–0.77)	0.002
	No	138	45.65	Reference
Birds in stable	Yes	90	45.56	1.75 (1.08–2.85)	0.023
	No	272	32.35	Reference
Veterinary service	Yes	301	31.62	1.40 (0.78–2.54)	0.273
	No	61	29.51	Reference
Type of farm management	Closed herd	298	34.89	0.84 (0.48–1.46)	0.528
	Purchase of cattle	64	39.06	Reference