The Effect of Diabetes Medication on Cognitive Function: Evidence from the PATH Through Life Study

Table 4

Association between type of diabetes treatment and cognitive function (β weights and SE).

	MMSE	SDMT	Imm. Rec.	STW	Digit Back.	Trail A	Trail B	PPEG (both hands)	SRT	CRT
Cross-sectional
M1-met. only	.03 (.16)	2.04 (2.21)	1.26 (.54)	.24 (1.15)	1.14 (.45)	−3.47 (2.47)	−17.76 (8.68)	−.04 (.42)	−.00 (.02)	−.00 (.01)
M2-met. only	.03 (.15)	2.11 (2.25)	1.32 (.50)	.04 (1.16)	1.17 (.47)	−3.72 (2.98)	−14.42 (7.06)	.14 (.44)	−.01 (.02)	−.01 (.01)
Longitudinal
M1-met. only	−.10 (.16)	1.06 (1.47)	.24 (.36)	−.33 (.73)	.10 (.30)	−3.00 (3.04)	−.70 (5.57)	.48 (.30)	−.02 (.01)	−.03 (.01)
M2-met. only	−.04 (.15)	1.21 (.81)	.30 (.29)	.09 (.32)	.43 (.60)	−2.72 (6.47)	−5.81 (12.10)	−.08 (.56)	−.01 (.02)	−.03 (.02)

Note: measures for Trail A, Trail B, SRT, and CRT represent response time. Thus, positive β values indicate poorer performance relative to no diabetes group. All other measures (MMSE, SDMT, Imm. Rec., STW, Digit Back., and PPEG (both hands)) represent number of items completed correctly (negative β values indicate poorer performance).
⁢, .
Model 1 = control for age, sex, and education; W2 cognitive function.
Model 2 = Model 1 + BMI, PA, smoking, and hypertension.