Relationships between Muscle Architecture of Rectus Femoris and Functional Parameters of Knee Motion in Adults with Down Syndrome

Table 1

Descriptive statistic for the morphological parameters.

	TD	DS		Cohen’s	Hedges’	CL (%)
PA (°)	13.2 ± 3.5 (7.4–17.0)	12.4 ± 3.3 (8.0–18.4)	0.5834	0.25	0.24	57
TK-M (cm)	2.0 ± 0.3 (1.6–2.5)	1.6 ± 0.3 (1.1–2.1)	0.0033	1.51	1.45	86
TK-S (cm)	0.7 ± 0.5 (0.2–1.5)	1.4 ± 0.4 (0.5–2.0)	0.0027	1.55	1.49	86

Data are represented as means and ±SD with ranges listed in the brackets. TD persons typically developed; DS, persons with Down syndrome; PA, pennation angle; TK-M, muscle thickness; TK-S, subcutaneous thickness; CL, Common Language effect size.