Microelectrical Impedance Spectroscopy for the Differentiation between Normal and Cancerous Human Urothelial Cell Lines: Real-Time Electrical Impedance Measurement at an Optimal Frequency

Figure 4

Experimental results of μEIS-OF. (a) Average amplitude difference and (b) average phase angle difference between the two cell lines. Optimal frequency was determined to be 119 kHz. Each value is calculated from the difference between absolute impedance values of normal and cancer cells ( = − = − ). (c) Amplitude and (d) phase angle of each cell line at 119 kHz: the vertical bar represents a standard deviation.

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