A New Neurocognitive Interpretation of Shoulder Position Sense during Reaching: Unexpected Competence in the Measurement of Extracorporeal Space

Table 2

Description of RGAP (mean ± SD and median with min–max) in the two groups stratifying by tests (Test 1 and Test 2 in active and passive modality) and overall (all tests).

Tests and modality	RGAP HG						RGAP IG						Test to compare
													HG versus IG
		Mean	SD	Median	min–max			Mean	SD	Median	min–max			Test
All tests
Reaching forward + reaching back	450	0,62	0,57	0,5	0–3,39	—	450	1,01	0,7	0,92	0–3,44	—	<0,001	b
Reaching forward	225	0,29	0,22	0,28	0,02–1,30	<0,001	225	0,46	0,3	0,49	0–1,62	<0,001	<0,001	b
Reaching-back	225	0,62	0,57	0,5	0–3,39		225	1,01	0,7	0,61	0–3,44		<0,001	b
Reaching forward +; reaching back
Test 1	150	0,47	0,34	0,28	0–1,33	0,352	150	0,75	0,65	0,48	0–3,44	0,505	0,01	b
Test 2 passive	150	0,38	0,29	0,23	0–1,22		150	0,66	0,45	0,33	0,11–1,83		<0,001	b
Test 2 active	150	0,5	0,66	0,19	0,03–3,39		150	0,79	0,68	0,35	0–2,78		0,033	c
reaching forward
Test 1	75	0,4	0,32	0,28	0,02–1,3	<0,001	75	0,59	0,38	0,47	0,03–1,62	0,016	0,055	c
Test 2 passive	75	0,27	0,13	0,23	0–1,33		75	0,4	0,24	0,33	0,16–0,95		0,022	b
Test 2 active	75	0,19	0,1	0,19	0–0,39		75	0,37	0,23	0,35	0–0,76		0,001	b
reaching back
Test 1	75	0,55	0,35	0,5	0,0–1,3	0,095	75	0,91	0,82	0,61	0–3,44	0,224	0,055	b
Test 2 passive	75	0,49	0,36	0,44	0–1,22		75	0,91	0,47	0,88	0,11–1,83		0,001	c
Test 2 active	75	0,8	0,82	0,56	0,06–3,39		75	1,2	0,73	1,17	0,06–2,78		0,075	c

The RGAP reported the relative error computed considering the difference between the measure requested and the measure done by the patients on measure requested.
t-student for paired samples.
-student for independent sample with equal variances assumed.
The mean and the median GAP are computed relativizing the absolute value (=the absolute number value) of the gap value of the measure requested.
value of MANOVA test.
value for two independent samples; the specific test is reported in the last column.
: number of measurements tested.