Urinary 3-(3-Hydroxyphenyl)-3-hydroxypropionic Acid, 3-Hydroxyphenylacetic Acid, and 3-Hydroxyhippuric Acid Are Elevated in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders

Table 1

Aromatic markers found in the ASDs group and the control group.

Case status	Measure	Age (year)	HPHPA; (mmol/mol creatinine)	3HPA; (mmol/mol creatinine)	3HHA; (mmol/mol creatinine)
Control ()	Frequency		15/62	1/62	4/62
	Mean	3.45	15.53	0.61	1.12
	Range	1.5–7.0	0–147.2	0–38.1	0–32.3
	Std. dev.	1.62	31.56	4.82	4.89
ASDs ()	Frequency		50/62	18/62	21/62
	Mean ( value)	3.69 (0.407)	244.18 (3.25E − 10)	57.99 (1.48E − 4)	31.02 (6.34E − 4)
	Range	1.5–7.0	0–1282.4	0–543.2	0–370.2
	Std. dev.	1.62	261.03	115.25	66.94