Signaling Pathways in Cardiac Myocyte Apoptosis

Figure 1

Schematic representation of the signaling pathways that regulate apoptosis in mammalian cardiac myocytes. AC, adenylyl cyclase; CaMKII, Ca²⁺/CaM-dependent kinase II; cAMP, cyclic adenosine monophosphate; Cyt c, cytochrome c; DAG, diacylglycerol; E2F1, E2F transcription factor 1; ECM, extracellular matrix; ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase; FADD, Fas-associated death domain; FAK, focal adhesion kinase; GPCR, G protein-coupled receptor; IP3, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate; MEK1, mitogen-activated protein kinase 1; Mst1, mammalian Ste20-like kinase 1; NICD, Notch intracellular domain; PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinase; PIP2, phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate; PIP3, phosphatidylinositol trisphosphate; PLCβ, phospholipase C β; PKA, cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase; PKC, protein kinase C; RTK, receptor tyrosine kinase. Gray arrows indicate activation; red blocked lines indicate inhibition.