High Intensity Resistance Training Methods with and without Protein Supplementation to Fight Cardiometabolic Risk in Middle-Aged Males: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Table 1

Baseline characteristics of the PUSH study groups. No significant differences () between the groups were determined.

Variables	HIT group; ()	HIT&P group; ()	HVHIT group; ()	Control; ()
Age (y)	42.9 ± 5.4	43.7 ± 5.9	42.5 ± 5.6	42.5 ± 5.6
Body height (cm)	180.7 ± 7.2	180.9 ± 5.7	179.9 ± 7.4	180.4 ± 7.7
Body mass (kg)	90.1 ± 14.4	89.6 ± 14.6	87.1 ± 13.7	87.2 ± 15.7
Overweight (BMI > 25.0 kg/m^2) (%)	67.5	70.0	57.5	55.0
Total body fat mass (%)	25.6 ± 5.1	25.0 ± 4.8	24.9 ± 6.1	24.9 ± 6.0
Lean body mass (kg)	67.1 ± 7.3	67.6 ± 8.4	64.0 ± 7.0	65.6 ± 7.8
Physical activity (index)	2.9 ± 1.4	2.8 ± 1.3	2.7 ± 1.1	2.7 ± 1.1
Total exercise volume (min/week)	28.4 ± 35.9	40.1 ± 41.8	35.0 ± 37.9	32.1 ± 38.2
Energy intake (kcal/day)	2658 ± 723	2703 ± 662	2588 ± 592	2516 ± 758
Fat/protein/carbohydrates (g/d)	99/90/305	106/94/314	100/92/286	94/89/298

As assessed by Dual Energy X-Ray absorptiometry. Based on a scale from 1 (very low) to 7 (very high) according to a subjective assessment of professional, household, and recreational activities. Based on a 4-day dietary intake protocol.