Endothelial Microparticles Act as Novel Diagnostic and Therapeutic Biomarkers of Diabetes and Its Complications: A Literature Review

Table 2

Antigenic epitope in the surface of EMPs. Many studies have demonstrated that activation and apoptosis endothelial cells release EMPs, whose surface carried different antigen epitope [25].

CD marker	Antigen	Expression	References
CD31	PECAM-1	Apoptosis	[20, 53, 54]
CD51	Integrin av	Apoptosis	[55]
CD54	ICAM-1	Activation	[54]
CD62E	E-selectin	Activation	[20, 54]
CD105	Endoglin	Apoptosis	[20, 54]
CD106	VCAM-1	Activation	[20, 54]
CD144	VE-cadherin	Apoptosis	[20]
CD146	MelCAM	Apoptosis	[12]

CD, cluster of differentiation; EMPs, endothelial microparticles; E-selectin, endothelial-selectin; ICAM-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1; PECAM-1, platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1; VCAM-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1; VE-cadherin, vascular endothelial-cadherin.