BioMed Research International

Review Article

Endothelial Microparticles Act as Novel Diagnostic and Therapeutic Biomarkers of Diabetes and Its Complications: A Literature Review

Table 3

Significance of different antigenic epitope of EMPs in diabetic patients.


Antigen epitope	Disease		References

CD31⁺/41a⁻	DM	CD31⁺/41a⁻ EMPs: 22238 to 157 × 10⁴/μL [DM versus control], = 0.0006	[20]

CD31⁺/CD42⁻	DM	(1) CD31⁺/CD42⁻ EMPs in DM patients were significantly higher than those in healthy controls ( < 0.001)	[29]
		(2) Age was positively correlated with CD31⁺/CD42⁻ EMPs (rs = 0.322, = 0.010)	[29]
		(3) The systolic blood pressure was positively correlated with CD31⁺/CD42⁻ EMPs (rs = 0.329, = 0.008)	[29]
		(4) HbA1c level was positively correlated with CD31⁺/CD42⁻ EMPs (rs = 0.337, = 0.008)	[29]
		(5) Fasting blood glucose level was positively correlated with CD31⁺/CD42⁻ EMPs (rs = 0.275, = 0.029)	[29]
		(6) CD31⁺/CD42⁻ EMPs were independently correlated with FMD and baPWV; FMD was negatively correlated with CD31⁺/CD42⁻ EMPs (rs = −0.441, = 0.008); the level of baPWV was correlated with CD31⁺/CD42⁻ EMPs (rs = 0.497, < 0.001)	[29]
	DM macrovascular complications	(7) The CD31⁺/CD42b⁻ EMPs levels were higher in DM patients with macroangiopathy than in DM patients with microangiopathy and no complications	[40]

CD31⁺	T2DM	(1) Compared with metformin, pioglitazone treatment improved the imbalance between endothelial damage and repair capacity and led to more favourable changes in coronary risk factors in patients with newly diagnosed T2DM	[34]
		(2) The univariate analysis showed that the decrease in circulating EMPs was significantly correlated with increase in adiponectin (rs = −0.391, = 0.01) and with decrease in CRP concentrations (rs = 0.416, = 0.01), which remained significant in multivariate analysis (rs = −0.321, 95% CI 0.245 to 0.402, for adiponectin, and rs = 0.265, 95% CI 0.299 to 0.406, for CRP)	[34]
		(3) Levels of EMPs expressing CD31 were significantly different among study groups ( < 0.01). DM patients were found to have the highest levels of CD31⁺ EMPs, while non-DM men without ED were those with the lowest levels; non-DM men with ED had CD31⁺ EMPs levels that were intermediate (< 0.05 for both comparisons, DM versus non-DM men with ED, and non-DM men with ED versus non-DM men without ED)	[46]
		(4) Among T2DM patients, an increased level of CD31⁺/annexin V⁺ MPs was significantly associated with asymptomatic atherosclerosis	[56]

CD51⁺	DM	(1) CD51⁺ EMPs in DM patients were significantly higher than those in healthy controls ( < 0.001)	[29]
		(2) Age was positively correlated with CD51⁺ EMPs (rs = 0.367, = 0.003)	[29]
		(3) The systolic blood pressure was positively correlated with CD51⁺ EMPs (rs = 0.311, = 0.013)	[29]
		(4) HbA1c level was positively correlated with CD51⁺ EMPs (rs = 0.266, = 0.038)	[29]
		(5) CD51⁺ EMPs were independently correlated with FMD and baPWV; FMD was negatively correlated with CD51⁺ EMPs (rs = −0.405, = 0.016); the level of baPWV was correlated with CD51⁺ EMPs (rs = 0.428, = 0.001)	[29]

CD51⁺/CD41⁻	DM	CD51⁺/CD41⁻ EMPs levels correlated with albuminuria and microvascular complications (e.g., diabetic nephropathy)	[16]

CD62E	DM	(1) Plasma CD62E⁺ EMPs levels were significantly higher when the patient is suffering from erectile dysfunction with or without DM	[46]
CD62E	T2DM	(2) Among T2DM patients, decreased CD62E⁺ EMPs were significantly associated with asymptomatic atherosclerosis	[26]

CD105⁺	DM	(1) CD105⁺ EMPs: 2200 to 390 × 10³/μL [DM versus control], = 0.002	[20]
CD105⁺	DM	(2) CD105⁺ EMPs may play a critical role in the development and progression of diabetic retinopathy	[57]

CD106⁺	DM	CD106⁺ EMPs: 4939 to 740 × 10³/μL [DM versus control], = 0.001	[20]

CD144⁺	DM	(1) CD144⁺ EMPs: 0.541 (0.423–0.652) × 10⁶/mL	[6]
	DM with CAD	(2) Identified a subpopulation of T2DM patients at risk of developing CAD; CD144⁺ EMPs: 0.706 (0.577–1.067) × 10⁶/mL	[6]
	DM without MetS	(3) CD144⁺ EMPs: 139.07 (81.6–271.5) × 10³/mL	[17, 58]
	DM with MetS	(4) CD144⁺ EMPs: 251.80 (121.2–499.3) × 10³/mL; associated with oxidative stress and MetS and negatively correlated with HDLC levels	[17, 58]
	DM with ACS	(5) CD144⁺EMPs: 442.27 (154.2–826.9) × 10³/mL	[6]

CD146	DM with MetS	Associated with the development of MetS	[59]