Hepatitis E Virus in Industrialized Countries: The Silent Threat

Table 2

Risk groups reported in Europe with increased HEV seroprevalence when compared to a control group. Only studies that analyze a control group are included in the table.

Risk factor	Risk group	Country	Seroprevalence		Reference
			Risk group	Control group
Contact with animals	Pig farm workers	France	44%	26%	[41]
	Forestry workers		36%
	Forestry workers	France	31.2%	19.2%	[42]
	Swine veterinarians	Netherlands	11%	2%	[43]
	Nonswine veterinarians		6%
	Farmers	Denmark	50.3%	32.9%	[44]
	Swine farmers	Sweden	13%	9%	[45]
	Swine farmers	Moldova	51.1%	24.7%	[46]
	Animal breeders	Italy	25.6%	0%	[47]
	Slaughterers	Germany	41.7%	15.5%	[48]
	Forestry workers	Germany	18%	11%	[49]
Contact with sewage	Agricultural workers	Turkey	34.8%	4.4%	[50]
Immunosuppression	HIV patients	Italy	6.7%	2.7%	[51]
	HIV patients	Spain	9.2%	3.5%	[52]
	HIV patients with cirrhosis		22.7%
	HIV patients	Spain	23.5%	12%	[53]
	HIV + HCV patients		40%
	Autoimmune hepatitis patients	Germany	7.7%	2.0%	[54]
	Hemodialysis patients	Italy	6%	2.7%	[55]
	Hemodialysis patients	UK	36.8%	18.8%	[56]
	Post-liver transplant cirrhosis	Spain	32.1%	3.5%	[52]
	Heart transplant	Germany	11.3%	2%	[57]
Preexisting liver diseases	HCV patients	Spain	23.5%	12%	[53]
	Chronic liver disease patients	Albania	36.6%	12.1%	[58]

No significant difference found.