Effect of Zinc Supplementation on Maintenance Hemodialysis Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of 15 Randomized Controlled Trials

Table 1

Characteristics of included studies.

Study	Reference	Year	Region	Number of patients (M/F)	Age (Year)	Primary disease	Dialysis duration	Elemental zinc dose	Intervening time	Comparative approach	Outcomes
Kobayashi et al.	[15]		Japan	70 (43/27)		CKD	-	34 mg/day	90/180/270/; 360 days	Blank	Serum zinc, hemoglobin, RBC, ESA, ERI
El-Shazly et al.	[16]		Egypt	30 (29/31)		CKD	≥6 months	16.5 mg/day	90 days	Palcebo	Serum zinc, leptin, body weight, BMI
Argani et al.	[17]		Iran	60 (36/24)	(50, 60)	CKD	-	90 mg/day	60 days	Palcebo	Serum zinc, albumin, BMI, body fat, body water, Ccr, hematocrit, hemoglobin, leptin, TC, TG
Pakfetrat et al.	[18]		Iran	97 (55/42)		CKD	>3 months	50 mg/day	43 days	Placebo	Serum zinc, HCys, homocysteine
Mazani et al.	[19]		Iran	65 (41/24)		CKD	>6 months	100 mg/day	60 days	Placebo	Serum zinc, BMI, GSH, MDA, SOD, TAC
Guo and Wang	[8]		Taiwan	65		CKD	>3 months	11 mg/day	56 days	Blank	Serum zinc, hematocrit, albumin, CD4/CD8, CRP, GFR, IL-6, MDA, nPNA, Cu, SOD, TNF-α, Vit C/E
Rahimi-Ardabili et al.	[20]		Iran	60 (38/22)		CKD	≥6 months	100 mg/day	60 days	Placebo	TC, Apo-AI, Apo-B, HDL, LDL, PON, TG
Roozbeh et al.	[21]		Iran	53 (28/25)		CKD	≥6 months	45 mg/day	42 days	Placebo	Serum zinc, HDL, LDL, TC, TG
Rashidi et al.	[22]		Iran	55 (32/23)		CKD	≥6 months	45 mg/day	42 days	Placebo	Serum zinc, CRP, hemoglobin
Nava-Hernandez and Amato	[23]	2005	Mexico	25		CKD	-	100 mg/day	90 days	Placebo	Albumin, pre-albumin, transferrin
Matson et al.	[12]		UK	15 (11/4)		CKD	≥3 months	45 mg/day	42 days	Placebo	Serum zinc, albumin, Kt/V, calcium, CRP, nPNA, phosphate
Chevalier et al.	[24]		USA	27 (22/6)		CKD	≥6 months	50 mg/day	40/90 days	Placebo	Serum zinc, dietary intake, HDL, LDL, TC
Candan et al.	[25]		Turkey	34 (18/16)	45.6 (28, 64)	CKD	-	20 mg/day	90 days	Placebo	Serum zinc, MDA, OSMO fragility
Jern et al.	[26]		USA	14	56.5 (23, 80)	CKD with low PCR	≥6 months	45 mg/day	40/90 days	Placebo	Serum zinc, dietary intake, nPNA
Brodersen et al.	[27]		German	40 (22/18)	60	CKD	-	60 mg/day	112 days	Blank	Serum zinc

Note. Sex ratio: M = male, F = female; age appears as mean, mean ± standard deviation or mean (lower limit, upper limit); -: no information was recorded in included study. Abbreivations. RBC, red blood cell; ESA, erythropoiesis-stimulating agent; ERI, ESA resistance index; BMI, body mass index; Ccr, creatinine clearance rate; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; CRP, C-reactive protein; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; MDA, malondialdehyde; nPNA, normalized protein equivalent of nitrogen appearance; SOD, superoxide dismutase.