MicroRNA as a Therapeutic Target in Cardiac Remodeling

Table 2

Summary of reported miRNAs and their targets in cardiac fibrosis.

miRNAs	Targets	Effector cells	Signal pathways	References
Antifibrosis
miR-101a	TGF-βR1,	NRCFs and MI rat	TGFβ signaling	[47, 48]
	c-Fos	NRCFs and MI rat	MAPK
miR-133/30	CTGF	RCMs, RCFs and Ren2 rat	TGFβ signaling	[59]
miR-24	Furin	MCFs and MI mouse	TGFβ signaling	[50]
miR-29	Elastin	RCFs and MI mouse	Protein digestion/absorption	[61–63]
	Fbn1	RCFs and MI mouse	ERK
	Col1α1	RCFs and MI mouse	ERK
	Col1α2	RCFs and MI mouse	ERK
	Col3α1,	RCFs and MI mouse	ERK
	FBN,	RCFs and MI mouse	ERK
miR-146a	VEGF	hMSCs	VEGF	[65]
miR-98	TGFβR1	HCFs	TGFβ	[51]
miR-433	AZIN1		TGFβ	[67]
	JNK1		TGFβ
miR-142-3p	HMGB1	M6200 cells	TGF-β1/Smad3 signaling pathway	[66]
miR-29b	Tgfβ1,	MCFs	TGFβ	[64]
miR-19a-3p/19b-3p	TGFβ RII	HCFs	TGFβ signaling	[52]
miR-22	Smad4	MCFs	TGF-β-pathway	[58]
miR-378	TGF-β1	TAC mouse NMCMs and NRCFs	TGF/Smad signaling	[55]
miR-26a	COL1,	NRCFs, TAC and miR-26a TG mouse	PI3K-AKT	[60]
	CTGF	NRCFs, TAC and miR-26a TG mouse	ECM
miR-15 family	TGF-βR1	MI mouse and NMCMs	TGF-β-pathway
	p38	MI mouse and NMCMs	TGF-β-pathway
	SMAD3	MI mouse and NMCMs	TGF-β-pathway	[53, 54]
	SMAD7	MI mouse and NMCMs	TGF-β-pathway
	Endoglin	MI mouse and NMCMs	TGF-β-pathway
Profibrosis
miR-21	Spry1	NRCFs, NRCMs, TAC and TG mous	ERK-MAPK	[56, 57]
	TGFβRIII	MI mouse and NRCFs	TGFβ1-Smad3 signaling
miR-208a	Endoglin	TAC mouse and RCFs	TGF-β-pathway	[28, 68, 69]
	b-MHC	TAC mouse and RCFs	TGF-β-pathway
	THRAP1	TG mouse	Thyroid hormone
miR-499	Akt	NRCFs	Akt	[68]
	MAPKs	NRCFs	MAPK
	Egr1	NRCFs	ERK
	Egr2	NRCFs	ERK
	Fos	NRCFs	MAPK
	Myh7	NRCFs	ERK
	Acta1	NRCFs	Smads
miR-122	TGF-β1	HCFs	TGFβ	[49]
miR-125b	Apelin	HCFs, TAC and Ang II induced mouse	TGFβ	[70, 71]

Akt: protein kinase B; β-MHC: beta myosin heavy chain; c-Fos: proto-oncogene protein; COL1: collagen, type 1; Col1α2: collagen, type 1 α 2; Col3α1: collagen, type 3 α 1; CTGF: connective tissue growth factor; Egr1: early growth response protein 1; Egr2: early growth response protein 2; FBN: fibrillin; Fbn1: fibrillin 1; MAPKs: mitogen-activated protein kinases; p38: tumor protein p38; SMAD3: SMAD family member 3; SMAD2: SMAD family member 2; SMAD7: SMAD family member 7; Spry1: sprouty homolog 1; TGFβ: transforming growth factor β; TGF-β1: transforming growth factor β 1; TGF-βR1: transforming growth factor β receptor 1; TGFβRIII: transforming growth factor β receptor III; THRAP1: mediator complex subunit 13; RCFs: rat cardiac fibroblasts; MCFs: mouse cardiac fibroblasts; HCF: human cardiac fibroblasts; hMSCs: human mesenchymal stem cells; HBMVECs: human brain microvascular endothelial cells.