Review Article
New Insights into the Epigenetics of Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Table 1
Aberrant DNA methylation markers for HCC.
| Gene and its location | Function | Methylation frequency% in adjacent normal tissue | Methylation frequency% in HCC | Ref. |
| WT1 | Urogenital development | 0 | 54 | [34] | 11p13 | TIMP3 | Cell adhesion | 0 | 13 | [35] | 22q12.3 | SOCS-1 | Cytokine inhibitor | 0–7 | 43–65 | [36] | 16p13.13 | SEMA3B | Apoptosis | — | 83 | [37] | 3p21.3 | RB | Chromatin structure | 0 | 32 | [34] | 13q14.2 | RASSF1A | Apoptosis | 0 | 59–75 | [35, 37] | 3p21.3 | RaR-Beta | Retinoic acid signaling | 7 | 12 | [36] | 3p24.2 | P73 | Tumor suppressor | 0 | 6 | [36] | 1p36.32 | P53 | Tumor suppressor | 0 | 14 | [34] | 17p13.1 | P300 | Growth/cell division | 0 | 65 | [34] | 22q13.2 | P27 | CDK inhibitor | 0 | 48 | [34] | 12p13.1 | P21 | CDK inhibitor | 10 | 63 | [34] | 6p21.2 | P16INK4a | CDK inhibitor | 0–10 | 16–83 | [35, 36] | 9q21.3 | P15 | CDK inhibitor | 0 | 42–47 | [36] | 18q12.2 | P14 | CDK inhibitor | 0 | 6 | [36] | 11q13.1 | hMLH1 | Mismatch repair | 0 | 0 | [35] | 3p21.3 | GSTP1 | Glutathione synthesis | 0–7 | 41–76 | [35, 36] | 11q13 | E-Cadherin | Cell adhesion | 7 | 33–67 | [34–36] | 16q22.1 | E2F-1 | Transcription factor | 0 | 70 | [34] | 20q11.22 | DAPK1 | Apoptosis | 0 | 10 | [35] | 9q21.33 | CPS1 | Urea cycling | 0 | 80 | [38] | 2q346 | COX2 | Prostaglandin synthesis | 0 | 35–50 | [35] | 1q31.1 | BLU | Unknown zinc-finger | — | 20 | [37] | 3q21.3 | APC | Prostaglandin synthesis | 0–14 | 53–81 | [35, 36] | 5q22.2 |
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