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| Study (year) | Signals/paradigms | Sample | Method | Outcome measures |
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| Lim & coll. (2010) | Frontal (Fp1 and Fp2) and parietal (Pz) EEG signals, covering theta, alpha, beta 1, and beta 2 EEG waves | 20 ADHD children | Mathematics and English comprehension questions, with the BCI system monitoring attention level | ADHD Rating Scale-IV |
| Lim & coll. (2012) | Frontal EEG signals (Fp1 and Fp2) | 20 ADHD children | Colour Stroop Task during Calibration. Training game (Cogoland). Mathematics and English worksheet | ADHD Rating Scale-IV |
| Lee & coll. (2013) | Frontal EEG signals (Fp1 and Fp2) | 31 healthy elderly | Colour Stroop Task during Calibration. BCI system based on a card-pairing memory game | RBANS. Usability and acceptability questionnaire |
| Toppi & coll. (2014) | SMRs | 2 stroke patients | NF training based on 10 sessions on SMRs | EEG data while performing the Sternberg memory task. Behavioral performance at the Sternberg task. Scores at RAVLT and CBTT |
| Gomez-Pilar & coll. (2014) | SMR-EEG | 40 healthy elderly | NF training consists in imagery motor exercises combined with memory and logical relation tasks | Luria–AND test |
| Burke & coll. (2015) | iEEG theta and alpha oscillations | 14 neurosurgical patients with medication-resistant epilepsy | Individual prestimulus electrode fluctuations used to modulate memory performance | BCI and standard free recall episodic memory task |
| Lee & coll. (2015) | Frontal EEG signals (Fp1 and Fp2) | 39 healthy Chinese-speaking elderly | Colour Stroop Task during Calibration. BCI system based on a card-pairing memory game | Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS). Usability and acceptability questionnaire |
| Rohani & Puthusserypady (2015) | P300 ERP | 6 healthy young participants (24–32 years) | Two oddball attention tasks, targeting visual attention and discrimination, performed within a 3D Virtual Classroom | Average error rate in detecting P300 by the classifier |
| Salisbury & coll. (2015) | EEG (not further specified) | A 25-year-old man with spinal cord injury | Training session with cube rotation and manipulation paradigm presented on a laptop computer, followed by BCI trial (Emotive EEG gaming system) | Screening measures related to cognition, psychological disposition and pain |
| Salisbury & coll. (2016) | EEG (not further specified) | 25 participants (18–64 years) with traumatic or nontraumatic spinal cord injury | Training session with cube rotation and manipulation paradigm presented on a laptop computer, followed by BCI trial (Emotive EEG gaming system) | Screening measures related to cognition, psychological disposition and pain |
| Gomez-Pilar & coll. (2016) | SMR-EEG | 63 healthy elderly | NF training designed for training motor imagery that implies ERS/ERD of alpha and beta frequency bands in the EEG | Luria-AND test |
| Kim & Lee (2016) | SMR and mid-beta waves of Fp1 and Fp2 | 20 children with cerebral palsy | BCI-FES group versus FES control group | Sensorimotor rhythms (SMR) and middle beta waves (M-beta) |
| Kleih & coll. (2016) | P300 ERP | 5 stroke patients with aphasia | Visual P300 speller paradigm. TAP to predict spelling success | BCI usability (visual analog scale) and spelling performance (accuracy) |
| Rana & coll. (2016) | fMRI bold response | 8 healthy adults (age > 61 years old) | rtfMRI approach to train participants to upregulate anterior insula during a facial emotion recognition task | Average percentage change in the BOLD signal and DCCS scores |
| Musso & coll. (2017) | Auditory ERP | 20 healthy subjects and 1 aphasic stroke patient | Word ERP responses to 6 bisyllabic words recorded with an auditory BCI | Average target and nontarget ERP responses |
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