Care-Related and Maternal Risk Factors Associated with the Antenatal Nondetection of Intrauterine Growth Restriction: A Case-Control Study from Bremen, Germany

Table 1

Maternal characteristics in total and stratified by cases and controls.

Maternal characteristics	Total; (); % ()	IUGR detected; (controls); (); % ()	IUGR undetected; (cases); (); % ()
Age
<35 yrs	65.8 (106)	68.8 (53)	63.1 (53)
≥35 yrs	34.2 (55)	31.2 (24)	36.9 (31)
Maternal migration background
Yes	20.5 (33)	19.9 (13)	23.8 (20)
No	78.3 (126)	81.8 (63)	75.0 (63)
Missing value	1.2 (2)	1.3 (1)	1.2 (1)
Socioeconomic status
High	51.6 (83)	49.4 (38)	53.6 (45)
Middle	41.6 (67)	44.2 (34)	39.3 (33)
Low	6.8 (11)	6.5 (5)	7.1 (6)
Prepregnancy BMI (kg/m^2)
Normal	66.5 (107)	62.3 (48)	70.3 (59)
Overweight	18.0 (29)	18.2 (14)	17.9 (15)
Obese	15.5 (25)	19.5 (15)	11.9 (10)
Weight gain during pregnancy
Higher than adequate	33.5 (54)	37.7 (29)	29.8 (25)
Adequate	32.9 (53)	31.2 (24)	34.5 (29)
Lower than adequate	33.5 (54)	31.2 (24)	35.7 (30)
Nulliparous	55.9 (90)	58.4 (45)	53.6 (45)
Multiparous	44.1 (71)	41.6 (32)	46.4 (39)
Number of
≤1	79.5 (128)	76.6 (59)	82.2 (69)
2–≤3	17.4 (28)	19.5 (15)	15.4 (13)
≥4	3.1 (5)	3.9 (3)	2.4 (2)
Complications/diseases during pregnancy
Yes	44.7 (72)	54.5 (42)	35.7 (30)
No	55.3 (89)	45.5 (35)	64.3 (54)
Ultrasound examinations
<3	0.6 (1)	1.3 (1)	0 (0)
3–8	58.4 (94)	50.6 (39)	65.5 (55)
≥9	41.0 (66)	48.1 (37)	34.5 (29)
Doppler examination
Yes	80.1 (129)	92.2 (71)	69.0 (58)
No	19.9 (32)	7.8 (6)	31.0 (26)
Index antenatal care use
Adequate	93.2 (150)	92.2 (71)	94.0 (79)
Less adequate or inadequate	6.8 (11)	7.8 (6)	6.0 (5)
Hospitalization during pregnancy
Yes	22.4 (36)	27.3 (21)	17.9 (15)
No	77.6 (125)	72.7 (56)	82.1 (69)
Alcohol consumption during pregnancy
Yes	2.5 (4)	1.3 (1)	3.6 (3)
No	96.9 (156)	98.7 (76)	95.2 (80)
Missing value	0.6 (1)	0 (0)	1.2 (1)
Tobacco consumption during pregnancy
Yes	10.6 (17)	10.4 (8)	10.7 (9)
No	88.8 (143)	89.6 (69)	88.1 (74)
Missing value	0.6 (1)	0 (0)	1.2 (1)

current pregnancy/birth.