Care-Related and Maternal Risk Factors Associated with the Antenatal Nondetection of Intrauterine Growth Restriction: A Case-Control Study from Bremen, Germany
Table 4
Association between antenatal nondetection of IUGR and maternal and care-related factors; univariate and multivariable regression analyses.
Univariate regression model Odds Ratio
Multivariable regression Odds Ratio
Maternal migration background
Yes
1.54 [0.71, 3.36]
1.76 [0.68, 4.56]
No
Reference
Reference
Socioeconomic status
High
Reference
Reference
Middle
0.82 [0.43, 1.56]
0.75 [0.35, 1.61]
Low
1.01 [0.29, 3.58]
0.47 [0.10, 2.27]
Maternal age
<35 years
0.77 [0.40, 1.49]
0.94 [0.44, 2.02]
≥35 years
Reference
Reference
Birthweight percentile
<10th percentile
2.62 [1.34, 5.15]
2.82 [1.31, 6.10]
<5th percentile
0.75 [0.25, 2.24]
0.73 [0.22, 2.49]
<3rd percentile
Reference
Reference
Complications/diseases during pregnancy
Yes
0.46 [0.25, 0.87]
0.38 [0.18, 0.79]
No
Reference
Reference
Doppler examination
Yes
0.19 [0.07, 0.49]
0.13 [0.04, 0.40]
No
Reference
Reference
Fetal anomalies
Yes
0.38 [0.11, 1.28]
0.21 [0.05, 0.97]
No
Reference
Reference
Multiple gestation
Yes
0.58 [0.20, 1.72]
0.45 [0.12, 1.61]
No
Reference
Reference
BMI (kg/m2)
Normal
Reference
—
Overweight
0.87 [0.38, 1.98]
Obese
0.54 [0.22, 1.32]
Weight gain during pregnancy
Higher than adequate
0.71 [0.0.33, 1.53]
—
Adequate
Reference
Lower than adequate
1.03 [0.48, 2.22]
Tobacco consumption
Yes
1.05 [0.38, 2.87]
—
No
Reference
Nulliparous
Reference
—
Multiparous
1.22 [0.65, 2.27]
Index antenatal care use
Adequate
Reference
—
Less adequate or inadequate
0.75 [0.22, 2.56]
Hospitalization during pregnancy
Yes
0.58 [0.27, 1.23]
—
No
Reference
Newborn sex
Male
1.02 [0.55, 1.90]
—
Female
Reference
for maternal migration background, socioeconomic status, maternal age (<35 yrs versus ≥35 yrs), birthweight percentile (<10th–≥5th, <5th–≥3rd, <3rd), complications/diseases during pregnancy, Doppler examination, fetal anomalies, and multiple gestation. current pregnancy/birth. Note. Numbers of entries given in bold indicate a significant association.