Care-Related and Maternal Risk Factors Associated with the Antenatal Nondetection of Intrauterine Growth Restriction: A Case-Control Study from Bremen, Germany

Table 4

Association between antenatal nondetection of IUGR and maternal and care-related factors; univariate and multivariable regression analyses.

	Univariate regression model; Odds Ratio	Multivariable regression; Odds Ratio
Maternal migration background
Yes	1.54 [0.71, 3.36]	1.76 [0.68, 4.56]
No	Reference	Reference
Socioeconomic status
High	Reference	Reference
Middle	0.82 [0.43, 1.56]	0.75 [0.35, 1.61]
Low	1.01 [0.29, 3.58]	0.47 [0.10, 2.27]
Maternal age
<35 years	0.77 [0.40, 1.49]	0.94 [0.44, 2.02]
≥35 years	Reference	Reference
Birthweight percentile
<10th percentile	2.62 [1.34, 5.15]	2.82 [1.31, 6.10]
<5th percentile	0.75 [0.25, 2.24]	0.73 [0.22, 2.49]
<3rd percentile	Reference	Reference
Complications/diseases during pregnancy
Yes	0.46 [0.25, 0.87]	0.38 [0.18, 0.79]
No	Reference	Reference
Doppler examination
Yes	0.19 [0.07, 0.49]	0.13 [0.04, 0.40]
No	Reference	Reference
Fetal anomalies
Yes	0.38 [0.11, 1.28]	0.21 [0.05, 0.97]
No	Reference	Reference
Multiple gestation
Yes	0.58 [0.20, 1.72]	0.45 [0.12, 1.61]
No	Reference	Reference
BMI (kg/m^2)
Normal	Reference	—
Overweight	0.87 [0.38, 1.98]
Obese	0.54 [0.22, 1.32]
Weight gain during pregnancy
Higher than adequate	0.71 [0.0.33, 1.53]	—
Adequate	Reference
Lower than adequate	1.03 [0.48, 2.22]
Tobacco consumption
Yes	1.05 [0.38, 2.87]	—
No	Reference
Nulliparous	Reference	—
Multiparous	1.22 [0.65, 2.27]
Index antenatal care use
Adequate	Reference	—
Less adequate or inadequate	0.75 [0.22, 2.56]
Hospitalization during pregnancy
Yes	0.58 [0.27, 1.23]	—
No	Reference
Newborn sex
Male	1.02 [0.55, 1.90]	—
Female	Reference

for maternal migration background, socioeconomic status, maternal age (<35 yrs versus ≥35 yrs), birthweight percentile (<10th–≥5th, <5th–≥3rd, <3rd), complications/diseases during pregnancy, Doppler examination, fetal anomalies, and multiple gestation.
current pregnancy/birth.
Note. Numbers of entries given in bold indicate a significant association.