Socioeconomic Status, Frailty, and All-Cause Mortality in Korean Older Adults: A 3-Year Population-Based Prospective Study
Table 1
Baseline characteristics of study participants.
Measured parameters
Total ( = 7,960)
Men ( = 3,440)
Women ( = 4,520)
value
Age (years)
<0.001
BMI (kg/m2)
<0.001
Household income (10,000 won)
<0.001
Education, (%)
<0.001
Uneducated
2,138 (30.9)
391 (13.1)
1,747 (44.4)
Elementary school
2,604 (37.6)
1,107 (36.9)
1,497 (38.1)
Middle-to-high school
1,678 (24.2)
1,092 (36.4)
586 (14.9)
College or higher
508 (7.3)
406 (13.6)
103 (2.6)
Frequency of weekly alcohol intake, (%)
<0.001
<1
5,173 (74.7)
1,640 (54.8)
3,533 (89.8)
1-2
1,196 (17.3)
859 (28.7)
337 (8.6)
≥3
559 (8.1)
496 (16.6)
63 (1.6)
Past/current smokers, (%)
2,360 (34.1)
2,073 (69.2)
287 (7.3)
<0.001
Nutritional status (score)
<0.001
Number of comorbidities
<0.001
Number of medications
<0.001
K-IADL (score)
<0.001
MMSE-KC (score)
<0.001
Fall experience, (%)
1,055 (15.2)
333 (11.1)
722 (18.4)
<0.001
Frailty, (%)
<0.001
Nonfrailty
6407 (92.6)
2,800 (93.8)
3,607 (91.7)
Frailty
512 (7.4)
187 (6.2)
325 (8.3)
BMI: body mass index, K-IADL: Korean version of instrumental activities of daily living, MMSE-KC: Mini-Mental State Examination in Korean of the CERAD assessment packet.
