Socioeconomic Status, Frailty, and All-Cause Mortality in Korean Older Adults: A 3-Year Population-Based Prospective Study
Table 3
Combined effect of low SES and frailty on all-cause mortality risk.
High SES plus nonfrailty
Low SES plus nonfrailty
value
High SES plus frailty
value
Low SES plus frailty
value
HR (95% CI)
HR (95% CI)
HR (95% CI)
Total
Model 0
Referent (HR = 1)
1.51 (1.23–1.85)
<0.001
2.86 (1.89–4.34)
<0.001
3.12 (2.26–4.28)
<0.001
Model 1
Referent (HR = 1)
1.28 (1.04–1.57)
0.020
1.88 (1.23–2.86)
0.003
1.85 (1.33–2.58)
<0.001
Model 2
Referent (HR = 1)
1.19 (0.96–1.47)
0.107
1.50 (0.97–2.33)
0.069
1.56 (1.09–2.23)
0.015
65–75 years
Model 0
Referent (HR = 1)
1.56 (1.18–2.07)
0.002
1.59 (0.64–3.91)
0.316
2.50 (1.39–4.48)
0.002
Model 1
Referent (HR = 1)
1.48 (1.11–1.97)
0.008
1.67 (0.68–4.12)
0.267
2.41 (1.33–4.34)
0.004
Model 2
Referent (HR = 1)
1.37 (1.02–1.84)
0.038
1.47 (0.59–3.70)
0.416
2.09 (1.12–3.91)
0.021
76 years and older
Model 0
Referent (HR = 1)
1.17 (0.87–1.57)
0.292
2.14 (1.32–3.47)
0.002
2.00 (1.35–3.00)
0.001
Model 1
Referent (HR = 1)
1.12 (0.84–1.51)
0.441
1.80 (1.10–2.91)
0.019
1.61 (1.08–2.41)
0.021
Model 2
Referent (HR = 1)
1.06 (0.78–1.43)
0.719
1.37 (0.82–2.29)
0.228
1.32 (0.85–2.06)
0.222
Model 0: unadjusted; Model 1: age and sex adjusted; Model 2: Model 1 + education, number of comorbidities, number of medications, alcohol consumption in frequency per week, smoking, nutritional status, K-IADL, MMSE-KC, and fall experience; SES: socioeconomic status; HR: hazard ratio; CI: confidence interval; K-IADL: Korean version of instrumental activities of daily living; MMSE-KC: Mini-Mental State Examination in Korean of the CERAD assessment packet.
