Minimally Invasive Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy versus Retrograde Intrarenal Surgery for Upper Urinary Stones: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Table 1

Summary of included studies.

Study	Institution (country)	Study period	Study design	LE	Inclusion criteria	⁢Cases,		Study quality
						mPCNL	RIRS
Lee et al. [11]	Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital (South Korea)	2014-2015	RCT	2b	>1 cm, single or multiple renal stones	35	33
Ozgor et al. [12]	Haseki Teaching and Research Hospital (Turkey)	2012–2015	Retrospective case control	3b	1-2 cm, BMI > 30 kg/m^2, any location	56	56
Wilhelm et al. [13]	University Medical Centre Freiburg (Germany)	2013-2014	Matched-pair analysis	3b	1–3.5 cm	25	25
Pan et al. [14]	Renji Hospital (China)	2005–2011	Prospective case control	3b	2-3 cm, single stone, any location	59	56
Kirac et al. [15]	Koru Hospital (Turkey)	2009–2012	Retrospective case control	3b	<1.5 cm, lower pole	37	36
Kumar et al. [16]	V.M. Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital (India)	2012-2013	RCT	2b	1-2 cm, single stone, lower pole	41	43
Sabnis et al. [17]	Muljibhai Patel Urological Hospital (India)	2009–2011	Prospective case control	3b	1-2 cm, single or multiple stones, any location	32	32
Kruck et al. [18]	Multiple institutions (Germany)	2001–2007	Retrospective case control	3b	Any size, any location	172	108
Hu et al. [19]	Tongji Hospital (China)	2010–2015	Retrospective case control	3b	1-2 cm, any location, older than 60 years old	104	80
Zeng et al. [20]	The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (China)	2012–2014	Matched-pair analysis	3b	>2 cm, any location, solitary kidney	53	53
Zhang et al. [21]	Wu Jieping Urology Center (China)	2010–2012	Prospective case control	3b	1-2 cm, single stone, proximal ureter	32	44
Gu et al. [22]	Jiangsu Province Hospital (China)	2010-2011	RCT	2b	≥1.5 cm, proximal ureter	30	29
Knoll et al. [23]	Klinikum Sindelfingen-Boeblingen Medical Center (Germany)	2008–2010	Prospective case control	3b	1–3 cm, solitary renal calculi, any location	25	21

LE = level of evidence; mPCNL = minimally invasive PCNL; RIRS = retrograde intrarenal surgery, RCT = randomized controlled trials.
Newcastle–Ottawa Scale (score from 0 to 9).
Jadad scale (score from 0 to 5).